Jessie morales el original
What names would you give these commedia dell’arte characters?
2023.03.25 03:17 teenwithmentalissues What names would you give these commedia dell’arte characters?
Commedia dell’arte is basically the origins for about 99% of what’s considered comedy today. It originates in the Italian Renaissance and a big portion of what commedia dell’arte produced was stock characters. In every play from that era, there were 8 characters that were typically featured. These 8 characters are the blueprint or a lose blueprint for all fictional characters today.
The characters and some modern examples:
1.) Pantalone. He’s the mean, horny, creepy, and greedy old man. He’s rich as hell, but he never spends money and he’s cheap as hell for his companions. His motivations are money and sex and will do anything to get either. Modern examples include Montgomery Burns, the judge from Sweeney Todd, Mr. Scrooge, and Mr Krabs.
2.) Il Dottore. He is supposedly smart and qualified since he went to all the best schools and on paper he has qualification. But for everyone’s safety he should not be employed anywhere at anytime. In the media, he usually has a profession with high expectations. Modern examples include Saul Goodman, Frank Burns, Dr. Zoidberg, and Fraser Crane.
3.) The innamorati. They are the forbidden lovers, often being stupid and self absorbed teenagers. These types of couples are the kinds of characters you’d find on those “Toxic relationship in the media according to a therapist”. Modern examples include Ross and Rachel, Noah and Allie, and Rory and Jess
4.) Il Capitano. He is an arrogant man who thinks he’s irresistible to women, but in reality they all hate him because she’s a sexist dick. The character is usually a soldier or in a leader position, so he brags about being a brave war hero, but in reality he cries and balls in fetal position when faced with danger. Modern examples include Gaston, Michael Kelso, Hawkeye Pierce, and Johnny Bravo.
5.) Arlecchino/Harlequin. He is a lower class character and sometimes a servant of Pantalone, Dottore, or Il Capitano. He is very mischievous and since he has the energy of a hyperactive six year old with a sugar high, a lot of his plans fail and get him into trouble. But he’s very much a good and caring person with a big heart. Modern examples include the Belcher kids, Harley Quinn, Fry from Futurama, and the Genie in Aladdin or any Disney sidekick.
6.) Columbina. She is another servant and while she’s dedicated to her work, she also isn’t afraid to mouth off her superiors for being awful people. She’s often the smartest person is the room, but isn’t taken seriously due to being a woman and working class. Her character is a critique on how sometimes women aren’t taken seriously in a world where rich guys are often in charge. She’s also sexual, and doesn’t mind using her body to get what she wants. She has a good sense of humor and loves joke, and is often the best friend or girlfriend of Arlecchino. (Their dynamic is the meme with a picture of Jessica and Roger Rabbit with the caption “My favorite relationship dynamic is tall mysterious beautiful knockout and a weird little gremlin that makes them laugh and they’re deeply devoted to each other”). Modern examples include Lisa Simpson, Fran Fine, and Judy Maxwell.
7.) Brighella. He is another servant, but has some kind of leadership within the servants and will do anything to get to the top. He flatters those above him, and looks down those below him. He’s often the scariest/most evil character in commedia dell’arte because he doesn’t have any morals or standards, and nothing or no one will hold him back from getting what he wants. Modern examples includes Patrick Bateman and Dwight Schrute.
8.) Zanni. He a loyal lower ranking character, but he’s REALLY stupid. He tends to falls asleep a lot, but he’s exhausted and not lazy. Because of this he’s the butt of all physical jokes. Examples are Homer Simpson, Jar Jar Binks, and LeFou.
So, what names would you give to these character based off description alone?
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The characters and some modern examples:
1.) Pantalone. He’s the mean, horny, creepy, and greedy old man. He’s rich as hell, but he never spends money and he’s cheap as hell for his companions. His motivations are money and sex and will do anything to get either. Modern examples include Montgomery Burns, the judge from Sweeney Todd, Mr. Scrooge, and Mr Krabs.
2.) Il Dottore. He is supposedly smart and qualified since he went to all the best schools and on paper he has qualification. But for everyone’s safety he should not be employed anywhere at anytime. In the media, he usually has a profession with high expectations. Modern examples include Saul Goodman, Frank Burns, Dr. Zoidberg, and Fraser Crane.
3.) The innamorati. They are the forbidden lovers, often being stupid and self absorbed teenagers. These types of couples are the kinds of characters you’d find on those “Toxic relationship in the media according to a therapist”. Modern examples include Ross and Rachel, Noah and Allie, and Rory and Jess
4.) Il Capitano. He is an arrogant man who thinks he’s irresistible to women, but in reality they all hate him because she’s a sexist dick. The character is usually a soldier or in a leader position, so he brags about being a brave war hero, but in reality he cries and balls in fetal position when faced with danger. Modern examples include Gaston, Michael Kelso, Hawkeye Pierce, and Johnny Bravo.
5.) Arlecchino/Harlequin. He is a lower class character and sometimes a servant of Pantalone, Dottore, or Il Capitano. He is very mischievous and since he has the energy of a hyperactive six year old with a sugar high, a lot of his plans fail and get him into trouble. But he’s very much a good and caring person with a big heart. Modern examples include the Belcher kids, Harley Quinn, Fry from Futurama, and the Genie in Aladdin or any Disney sidekick.
6.) Columbina. She is another servant and while she’s dedicated to her work, she also isn’t afraid to mouth off her superiors for being awful people. She’s often the smartest person is the room, but isn’t taken seriously due to being a woman and working class. Her character is a critique on how sometimes women aren’t taken seriously in a world where rich guys are often in charge. She’s also sexual, and doesn’t mind using her body to get what she wants. She has a good sense of humor and loves joke, and is often the best friend or girlfriend of Arlecchino. (Their dynamic is the meme with a picture of Jessica and Roger Rabbit with the caption “My favorite relationship dynamic is tall mysterious beautiful knockout and a weird little gremlin that makes them laugh and they’re deeply devoted to each other”). Modern examples include Lisa Simpson, Fran Fine, and Judy Maxwell.
7.) Brighella. He is another servant, but has some kind of leadership within the servants and will do anything to get to the top. He flatters those above him, and looks down those below him. He’s often the scariest/most evil character in commedia dell’arte because he doesn’t have any morals or standards, and nothing or no one will hold him back from getting what he wants. Modern examples includes Patrick Bateman and Dwight Schrute.
8.) Zanni. He a loyal lower ranking character, but he’s REALLY stupid. He tends to falls asleep a lot, but he’s exhausted and not lazy. Because of this he’s the butt of all physical jokes. Examples are Homer Simpson, Jar Jar Binks, and LeFou.
So, what names would you give to these character based off description alone?
2023.03.25 02:52 FitInvestigator5945 SATIRE RESEARCH NAIJAH CLOVER FROM THE GET GO
4:04AM EST
SSTURDAY APRIL 25TH, 2020
Horatian: Horatian satire is tolerant, funny, sophisticated witty, wise, self-effacing and aims to correct through humor...
Juvenalian: Juvenalian satire is angry, caustic, personal, relentless, bitter, and serious...
SATIRICAL DEVICE
Genre of arts and literature in the form of humor or ridicule
In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction, satire is a genre of literature and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses and shor... en.wikipedia.org
Satire is a technique in art and literature that pokes fun at established artistic or cultural norms. Satirists practice their craft for the sake of social criticism, comedy, or, often, both. The different satire genres include spoof, parody, and classic literary satire techniques.
Definition of satire
1: a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn
2: trenchant wit, irony, or sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/satire
The Culinary Roots of Satire
Satire came into English at the beginning of the 16th century, and the meaning of the word has not strayed very far from its original sense. The initial uses were primarily applied to poems, and the term now has a broader applicability. Satire has a semantic and etymological overlap with both farce and lampoon. Farce ("a light dramatic composition marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable plot") came into English as a synonym for forcemeat, meaning "finely chopped and highly seasoned meat or fish that is either served alone or used as a stuffing." Lampoon ("a harsh satire usually directed against an individual") is thought to come from the French lampons!, meaning "let us guzzle!" And satire is believed to trace back to the Latin satur, meaning "well-fed."
Examples of satire in a Sentence
By contrast, Martial's friend, Juvenal, learned to transmute Martial's epigrammatic wit into savage satire. Juvenal's fierce, if occasionally obscene, tirades against immorality fit easily into the propaganda of the new era.
— G. W. Bowersock, New York Review of Books, 26 Feb. 2009
Unlike late-night talk shows that traffic in Hollywood interviews and stupid pet tricks, "The Daily Show" is a fearless social satire. Not many comedy shows would dare do five minutes on the intricacies of medicare or a relentlessly cheeky piece on President George W. Bush's Thanksgiving trip to Iraq …
— Marc Peyser, Newsweek, 29 Dec. 2003 - 5 Jan. 2004
In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction, satire is a genre of literature and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.[1] Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society.
A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm —"in satire, irony is militant", according to literary critic Northrup Frye—[2] but parody, burlesque, exaggeration,[3] juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to question.
Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression, including internet memes, literature, plays, commentary, television shows, and media such as lyrics.
Etymology and roots
The word satire comes from the Latin word satur and the subsequent phrase lanx satura. Satur meant "full" but the juxtaposition with lanx shifted the meaning to "miscellany or medley": the expression lanx satura literally means "a full dish of various kinds of fruits".[4]
The word satura as used by Quintilian, however, was used to denote only Roman verse satire, a strict genre that imposed hexameter form, a narrower genre than what would be later intended as satire.[4][5] Quintilian famously said that satura, that is a satire in hexameter verses, was a literary genre of wholly Roman origin (satura tota nostra est). He was aware of and commented on Greek satire, but at the time did not label it as such, although today the origin of satire is considered to be Aristophanes' Old Comedy. The first critic to use the term "satire" in the modern broader sense was Apuleius.[4]
To Quintilian, the satire was a strict literary form, but the term soon escaped from the original narrow definition. Robert Elliott writes:
As soon as a noun enters the domain of metaphor, as one modern scholar has pointed out, it clamours for extension; and satura (which had had no verbal, adverbial, or adjectival forms) was immediately broadened by appropriation from the Greek word for “satyr” (satyros) and its derivatives. The odd result is that the English “satire” comes from the Latin satura; but "satirize", "satiric", etc., are of Greek origin. By about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus; St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies 'a satirist in prose' ('satyricus scriptor in prosa'). Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the word satire: satura becomes satyra, and in England, by the 16th century, it was written 'satyre.'[1]
The word satire derives from satura, and its origin was not influenced by the Greek mythological figure of the satyr.[6] In the 17th century, philologist Isaac Casaubon was the first to dispute the etymology of satire from satyr, contrary to the belief up to that time.[7]
Humour
“ The rules of satire are such that it must do more than make you laugh. No matter how amusing it is, it doesn't count unless you find yourself wincing a little even as you chuckle.[8] ”
Laughter is not an essential component of satire;[9] in fact there are types of satire that are not meant to be "funny" at all. Conversely, not all humour, even on such topics as politics, religion or art is necessarily "satirical", even when it uses the satirical tools of irony, parody, and burlesque.
Even light-hearted satire has a serious "after-taste": the organizers of the Ig Nobel Prize describe this as "first make people laugh, and then make them think".[10]
Social and psychological functions
Satire and irony in some cases have been regarded as the most effective source to understand a society, the oldest form of social study.[11] They provide the keenest insights into a group's collective psyche, reveal its deepest values and tastes, and the society's structures of power.[12][13] Some authors have regarded satire as superior to non-comic and non-artistic disciplines like history or anthropology.[11][14][15][16] In a prominent example from ancient Greece, philosopher Plato, when asked by a friend for a book to understand Athenian society, referred him to the plays of Aristophanes.[17][18]
Historically, satire has satisfied the popular need to debunk and ridicule the leading figures in politics, economy, religion and other prominent realms of power.[19] Satire confronts public discourse and the collective imaginary, playing as a public opinion counterweight to power (be it political, economic, religious, symbolic, or otherwise), by challenging leaders and authorities. For instance, it forces administrations to clarify, amend or establish their policies. Satire's job is to expose problems and contradictions, and it's not obligated to solve them.[20] Karl Kraus set in the history of satire a prominent example of a satirist role as confronting public discourse.[21]
For its nature and social role, satire has enjoyed in many societies a special freedom license to mock prominent individuals and institutions.[22] The satiric impulse, and its ritualized expressions, carry out the function of resolving social tension.[23] Institutions like the ritual clowns, by giving expression to the antisocial tendencies, represent a safety valve which re-establishes equilibrium and health in the collective imaginary, which are jeopardized by the repressive aspects of society.[24][25]
The state of political satire in a given society reflects the tolerance or intolerance that characterizes it,[19] and the state of civil liberties and human rights. Under totalitarian regimes any criticism of a political system, and especially satire, is suppressed. A typical example is the Soviet Union where the dissidents, such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov were under strong pressure from the government. While satire of everyday life in the USSR was allowed, the most prominent satirist being Arkady Raikin, political satire existed in the form of anecdotes[26] that made fun of Soviet political leaders, especially Brezhnev, famous for his narrow-mindedness and love for awards and decorations.
Classifications
Satire is a diverse genre which is complex to classify and define, with a wide range of satiric "modes".[27][28]
Horatian, Juvenalian, Menippean
"Le satire e l'epistole di Q. Orazio Flacco", printed in 1814.
Satirical literature can commonly be categorized as either Horatian, Juvenalian, or Menippean.[29]
Horatian
Horatian satire, named for the Roman satirist Horace (65–8 BCE), playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle, mild, and light-hearted humour. Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) wrote Satires to gently ridicule the dominant opinions and "philosophical beliefs of ancient Rome and Greece" (Rankin).[30] Rather than writing in harsh or accusing tones, he addressed issues with humor and clever mockery. Horatian satire follows this same pattern of "gently [ridiculing] the absurdities and follies of human beings" (Drury).[31]
It directs wit, exaggeration, and self-deprecating humour toward what it identifies as folly, rather than evil. Horatian satire's sympathetic tone is common in modern society.[32]
A Horatian satirist's goal is to heal the situation with smiles, rather than by anger. Horatian satire is a gentle reminder to take life less seriously and evokes a wry smile.[31] A Horatian satirist makes fun of general human folly rather than engaging in specific or personal attacks. Shamekia Thomas suggests, "In a work using Horatian satire, readers often laugh at the characters in the story who are the subject of mockery as well as themselves and society for behaving in those ways." Alexander Pope has been established as an author whose satire "heals with morals what it hurts with wit" (Green).[33] Alexander Pope—and Horatian satire—attempt to teach.
Examples of Horatian satire:
The Ig Nobel Prizes.
Bierce, Ambrose, The Devil's Dictionary.
Defoe, Daniel, The True-Born Englishman.
The Savoy Operas of Gilbert and Sullivan.
Trollope, Anthony, The Way We Live Now.
Gogol, Nikolai, Dead Souls.
Groening, Matthew "Matt", The Simpsons.
Lewis, Clive Staples, The Screwtape Letters.
Mercer, Richard ‘Rick’, The Rick Mercer Report.
More, Thomas, Utopia
Pope, Alexander, The Rape of the Lock.
Reiner, Rob, This Is Spinal Tap.
Twain, Mark, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Ralston Saul, John, The Doubter's Companion: A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense.
Juvenalian
See also: Satires of Juvenal
Juvenalian satire, named for the writings of the Roman satirist Juvenal (late first century – early second century AD), is more contemptuous and abrasive than the Horatian. Juvenal disagreed with the opinions of the public figures and institutions of the Republic and actively attacked them through his literature. "He utilized the satirical tools of exaggeration and parody to make his targets appear monstrous and incompetent" (Podzemny).[34] Juvenal's satire follows this same pattern of abrasively ridiculing societal structures. Juvenal also, unlike Horace, attacked public officials and governmental organizations through his satires, regarding their opinions as not just wrong, but evil.
Following in this tradition, Juvenalian satire addresses perceived social evil through scorn, outrage, and savage ridicule. This form is often pessimistic, characterized by the use of irony, sarcasm, moral indignation and personal invective, with less emphasis on humor. Strongly polarized political satire can often be classified as Juvenalian.
A Juvenal satirist's goal is generally to provoke some sort of political or societal change because he sees his opponent or object as evil or harmful.[35] A Juvenal satirist mocks "societal structure, power, and civilization" (Thomas)[36] by exaggerating the words or position of his opponent in order to jeopardize their opponent's reputation and/or power. Jonathan Swift has been established as an author who "borrowed heavily from Juvenal's techniques in [his critique] of contemporary English society" (Podzemny).[34]
Examples of Juvenalian satire:
Barnes, Julian, England, England.
Beatty, Paul, The Sellout.
Bradbury, Ray, Fahrenheit 451.
Brooker, Charlie, Black Mirror.
Bulgakov, Mikhail, Heart of a Dog.
Burgess, Anthony, A Clockwork Orange.
Burroughs, William, Naked Lunch.
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, Don Juan.
Barth, John, The Sot-Weed Factor; or, A Voyage to Maryland,—a satire, in which is described the laws, government, courts, and constitutions of the country, and also the buildings, feasts, frolics, entertainments, and drunken humors of the inhabitants in that part of America.
Ellis, Bret Easton, American Psycho.
Golding, William, Lord of the Flies.
Hall, Joseph, Virgidemiarum.
Heller, Joseph, Catch-22.
Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World.
Johnson, Samuel, London, an adaptation of Juvenal, Third Satire.
Junius, Letters.
Kubrick, Stanley, Dr. Strangelove.
Mencken, HL, Libido for the Ugly.
Morris, Chris, Brass Eye.
———, The Day Today.
Orwell, George, Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Orwell, George, Animal Farm.
Palahniuk, Chuck, Fight Club.
Swift, Jonathan, A Modest Proposal.
Voltaire, Candide.
Zamyatin, Yevgeny, We.
Menippean
See Menippean satire.
Satire versus teasing
In the history of theatre there has always been a conflict between engagement and disengagement on politics and relevant issue, between satire and grotesque on one side, and jest with teasing on the other.[37] Max Eastman defined the spectrum of satire in terms of "degrees of biting", as ranging from satire proper at the hot-end, and "kidding" at the violet-end; Eastman adopted the term kidding to denote what is just satirical in form, but is not really firing at the target.[38] Nobel laureate satirical playwright Dario Fo pointed out the difference between satire and teasing (sfottò).[39] Teasing is the reactionary side of the comic; it limits itself to a shallow parody of physical appearance. The side-effect of teasing is that it humanizes and draws sympathy for the powerful individual towards which it is directed. Satire instead uses the comic to go against power and its oppressions, has a subversive character, and a moral dimension which draws judgement against its targets.[40][41][42][43] Fo formulated an operational criterion to tell real satire from sfottò, saying that real satire arouses an outraged and violent reaction, and that the more they try to stop you, the better is the job you are doing.[44] Fo contends that, historically, people in positions of power have welcomed and encouraged good-humoured buffoonery, while modern day people in positions of power have tried to censor, ostracize and repress satire.[37][40]
Teasing (sfottò) is an ancient form of simple buffoonery, a form of comedy without satire's subversive edge. Teasing includes light and affectionate parody, good-humoured mockery, simple one-dimensional poking fun, and benign spoofs. Teasing typically consists of an impersonation of someone monkeying around with his exterior attributes, tics, physical blemishes, voice and mannerisms, quirks, way of dressing and walking, and/or the phrases he typically repeats. By contrast, teasing never touches on the core issue, never makes a serious criticism judging the target with irony; it never harms the target's conduct, ideology and position of power; it never undermines the perception of his morality and cultural dimension.[40][42] Sfottò directed towards a powerful individual makes him appear more human and draws sympathy towards him.[45] Hermann Göring propagated jests and jokes against himself, with the aim of humanizing his image.[46][47]
Classifications by topics
Types of satire can also be classified according to the topics it deals with. From the earliest times, at least since the plays of Aristophanes, the primary topics of literary satire have been politics, religion and sex.[48][49][50][51] This is partly because these are the most pressing problems that affect anybody living in a society, and partly because these topics are usually taboo.[48][52] Among these, politics in the broader sense is considered the pre-eminent topic of satire.[52] Satire which targets the clergy is a type of political satire, while religious satire is that which targets religious beliefs.[53] Satire on sex may overlap with blue comedy, off-color humor and dick jokes.
Scatology has a long literary association with satire,[48][54][55] as it is a classical mode of the grotesque, the grotesque body and the satiric grotesque.[48][56] Shit plays a fundamental role in satire because it symbolizes death, the turd being "the ultimate dead object".[54][55] The satirical comparison of individuals or institutions with human excrement, exposes their "inherent inertness, corruption and dead-likeness".[54][57][58] The ritual clowns of clown societies, like among the Pueblo Indians, have ceremonies with filth-eating.[59][60] In other cultures, sin-eating is an apotropaic rite in which the sin-eater (also called filth-eater),[61][62] by ingesting the food provided, takes "upon himself the sins of the departed".[63] Satire about death overlaps with black humor and gallows humor.
Another classification by topics is the distinction between political satire, religious satire and satire of manners.[64] Political satire is sometimes called topical satire, satire of manners is sometimes called satire of everyday life, and religious satire is sometimes called philosophical satire. Comedy of manners, sometimes also called satire of manners, criticizes mode of life of common people; political satire aims at behavior, manners of politicians, and vices of political systems. Historically, comedy of manners, which first appeared in British theater in 1620, has uncritically accepted the social code of the upper classes.[65] Comedy in general accepts the rules of the social game, while satire subverts them.[66]
Another analysis of satire is the spectrum of his possible tones: wit, ridicule, irony, sarcasm, cynicism, the sardonic and invective.[67][68]
The type of humour that deals with creating laughter at the expense of the person telling the joke is called reflexive humour[69].Reflexive humour can take place at dual levels of directing humour at self or at the larger community the self identifies with. The audience's understanding of the context of reflexive humour is important for its receptivity and success [69]. Satire is found not only in written literary forms. In preliterate cultures it manifests itself in ritual and folk forms, as well as in trickster tales and oral poetry.[23]
It appears also in graphic arts, music, sculpture, dance, cartoon strips, and graffiti. Examples are Dada sculptures, Pop Art works, music of Gilbert and Sullivan and Erik Satie, punk and rock music.[23] In modern media culture, stand-up comedy is an enclave in which satire can be introduced into mass media, challenging mainstream discourse.[23] Comedy roasts, mock festivals, and stand-up comedians in nightclubs and concerts are the modern forms of ancient satiric rituals.[23]
Development
Ancient Egypt
The satirical papyrus at the British Museum
Satirical ostracon showing a cat guarding geese, c.1120 BC, Egypt.
Figured ostracon showing a cat waiting on a mouse, Egypt
One of the earliest examples of what we might call satire, The Satire of the Trades,[70] is in Egyptian writing from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The text's apparent readers are students, tired of studying. It argues that their lot as scribes is not only useful, but far superior to that of the ordinary man. Scholars such as Helck[71] think that the context was meant to be serious.
The Papyrus Anastasi I[72] (late 2nd millennium BC) contains a satirical letter which first praises the virtues of its recipient, but then mocks the reader's meagre knowledge and achievements.
Ancient Greece
The Greeks had no word for what later would be called "satire", although the terms cynicism and parody were used. Modern critics call the Greek playwright Aristophanes one of the best known early satirists: his plays are known for their critical political and societal commentary,[73] particularly for the political satire by which he criticized the powerful Cleon (as in The Knights). He is also notable for the persecution he underwent.[73][74][75][76] Aristophanes' plays turned upon images of filth and disease.[77] His bawdy style was adopted by Greek dramatist-comedian Menander. His early play Drunkenness contains an attack on the politician Callimedon.
The oldest form of satire still in use is the Menippean satire by Menippus of Gadara. His own writings are lost. Examples from his admirers and imitators mix seriousness and mockery in dialogues and present parodies before a background of diatribe. As in the case of Aristophanes plays, menippean satire turned upon images of filth and disease.[77]
Roman world
The first Roman to discuss satire critically was Quintilian, who invented the term to describe the writings of Gaius Lucilius. The two most prominent and influential ancient Roman satirists are Horace and Juvenal, who wrote during the early days of the Roman Empire. Other important satirists in ancient Latin are Gaius Lucilius and Persius. Satire in their work is much wider than in the modern sense of the word, including fantastic and highly coloured humorous writing with little or no real mocking intent. When Horace criticized Augustus, he used veiled ironic terms. In contrast, Pliny reports that the 6th-century-BC poet Hipponax wrote satirae that were so cruel that the offended hanged themselves.[78]
In the 2nd century AD, Lucian wrote True History, a book satirizing the clearly unrealistic travelogues/adventures written by Ctesias, Iambulus, and Homer. He states that he was surprised they expected people to believe their lies, and stating that he, like them, has no actual knowledge or experience, but shall now tell lies as if he did. He goes on to describe a far more obviously extreme and unrealistic tale, involving interplanetary exploration, war among alien life forms, and life inside a 200 mile long whale back in the terrestrial ocean, all intended to make obvious the fallacies of books like Indica and The Odyssey.
Medieval Islamic world
Main articles: Arabic satire and Persian satire
Medieval Arabic poetry included the satiric genre hija. Satire was introduced into Arabic prose literature by the author Al-Jahiz in the 9th century. While dealing with serious topics in what are now known as anthropology, sociology and psychology, he introduced a satirical approach, "based on the premise that, however serious the subject under review, it could be made more interesting and thus achieve greater effect, if only one leavened the lump of solemnity by the insertion of a few amusing anecdotes or by the throwing out of some witty or paradoxical observations. He was well aware that, in treating of new themes in his prose works, he would have to employ a vocabulary of a nature more familiar in hija, satirical poetry."[79] For example, in one of his zoological works, he satirized the preference for longer human penis size, writing: "If the length of the penis were a sign of honor, then the mule would belong to the (honorable tribe of) Quraysh". Another satirical story based on this preference was an Arabian Nights tale called "Ali with the Large Member".[80]
In the 10th century, the writer Tha'alibi recorded satirical poetry written by the Arabic poets As-Salami and Abu Dulaf, with As-Salami praising Abu Dulaf's wide breadth of knowledge and then mocking his ability in all these subjects, and with Abu Dulaf responding back and satirizing As-Salami in return.[81] An example of Arabic political satire included another 10th-century poet Jarir satirizing Farazdaq as "a transgressor of the Sharia" and later Arabic poets in turn using the term "Farazdaq-like" as a form of political satire.[82]
The terms "comedy" and "satire" became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world, where it was elaborated upon by Islamic philosophers and writers, such as Abu Bischr, his pupil Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as hija (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension", and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or troubled beginnings and happy endings, associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term "comedy" thus gained a new semantic meaning in Medieval literature.[83]
Ubayd Zakani introduced satire in Persian literature during the 14th century. His work is noted for its satire and obscene verses, often political or bawdy, and often cited in debates involving homosexual practices. He wrote the Resaleh-ye Delgosha, as well as Akhlaq al-Ashraf ("Ethics of the Aristocracy") and the famous humorous fable Masnavi Mush-O-Gorbeh (Mouse and Cat), which was a political satire. His non-satirical serious classical verses have also been regarded as very well written, in league with the other great works of Persian literature. Between 1905 and 1911, Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi and other Iranian writers wrote notable satires.
Medieval Europe
In the Early Middle Ages, examples of satire were the songs by Goliards or vagants now best known as an anthology called Carmina Burana and made famous as texts of a composition by the 20th-century composer Carl Orff. Satirical poetry is believed to have been popular, although little has survived. With the advent of the High Middle Ages and the birth of modern vernacular literature in the 12th century, it began to be used again, most notably by Chaucer. The disrespectful manner was considered "unchristian" and ignored, except for the moral satire, which mocked misbehaviour in Christian terms. Examples are Livre des Manières by Étienne de Fougères [fr] (~1178), and some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Sometimes epic poetry (epos) was mocked, and even feudal society, but there was hardly a general interest in the genre.
Early modern western satire
Pieter Bruegel's 1568 satirical painting The Blind Leading the Blind.
Direct social commentary via satire returned with a vengeance in the 16th century, when farcical texts such as the works of François Rabelais tackled more serious issues (and incurred the wrath of the crown as a result).
Two major satirists of Europe in the Renaissance were Giovanni Boccaccio and François Rabelais. Other examples of Renaissance satire include Till Eulenspiegel, Reynard the Fox, Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiff (1494), Erasmus's Moriae Encomium (1509), Thomas More's Utopia (1516), and Carajicomedia (1519).
The Elizabethan (i.e. 16th-century English) writers thought of satire as related to the notoriously rude, coarse and sharp satyr play. Elizabethan "satire" (typically in pamphlet form) therefore contains more straightforward abuse than subtle irony. The French Huguenot Isaac Casaubon pointed out in 1605 that satire in the Roman fashion was something altogether more civilised. Casaubon discovered and published Quintilian's writing and presented the original meaning of the term (satira, not satyr), and the sense of wittiness (reflecting the "dishfull of fruits") became more important again. Seventeenth-century English satire once again aimed at the "amendment of vices" (Dryden).
In the 1590s a new wave of verse satire broke with the publication of Hall's Virgidemiarum, six books of verse satires targeting everything from literary fads to corrupt noblemen. Although Donne had already circulated satires in manuscript, Hall's was the first real attempt in English at verse satire on the Juvenalian model.[84][page needed] The success of his work combined with a national mood of disillusion in the last years of Elizabeth's reign triggered an avalanche of satire—much of it less conscious of classical models than Hall's — until the fashion was brought to an
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SSTURDAY APRIL 25TH, 2020
Horatian: Horatian satire is tolerant, funny, sophisticated witty, wise, self-effacing and aims to correct through humor...
Juvenalian: Juvenalian satire is angry, caustic, personal, relentless, bitter, and serious...
SATIRICAL DEVICE
- Humor:Exaggeration or overstatement: Something that does happen, but is exaggerated to absurd lengths...
Genre of arts and literature in the form of humor or ridicule
In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction, satire is a genre of literature and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses and shor... en.wikipedia.org
Satire is a technique in art and literature that pokes fun at established artistic or cultural norms. Satirists practice their craft for the sake of social criticism, comedy, or, often, both. The different satire genres include spoof, parody, and classic literary satire techniques.
Definition of satire
1: a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn
2: trenchant wit, irony, or sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/satire
The Culinary Roots of Satire
Satire came into English at the beginning of the 16th century, and the meaning of the word has not strayed very far from its original sense. The initial uses were primarily applied to poems, and the term now has a broader applicability. Satire has a semantic and etymological overlap with both farce and lampoon. Farce ("a light dramatic composition marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable plot") came into English as a synonym for forcemeat, meaning "finely chopped and highly seasoned meat or fish that is either served alone or used as a stuffing." Lampoon ("a harsh satire usually directed against an individual") is thought to come from the French lampons!, meaning "let us guzzle!" And satire is believed to trace back to the Latin satur, meaning "well-fed."
Examples of satire in a Sentence
By contrast, Martial's friend, Juvenal, learned to transmute Martial's epigrammatic wit into savage satire. Juvenal's fierce, if occasionally obscene, tirades against immorality fit easily into the propaganda of the new era.
— G. W. Bowersock, New York Review of Books, 26 Feb. 2009
Unlike late-night talk shows that traffic in Hollywood interviews and stupid pet tricks, "The Daily Show" is a fearless social satire. Not many comedy shows would dare do five minutes on the intricacies of medicare or a relentlessly cheeky piece on President George W. Bush's Thanksgiving trip to Iraq …
— Marc Peyser, Newsweek, 29 Dec. 2003 - 5 Jan. 2004
In fiction and less frequently in non-fiction, satire is a genre of literature and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.[1] Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society.
A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm —"in satire, irony is militant", according to literary critic Northrup Frye—[2] but parody, burlesque, exaggeration,[3] juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to question.
Satire is nowadays found in many artistic forms of expression, including internet memes, literature, plays, commentary, television shows, and media such as lyrics.
Etymology and roots
The word satire comes from the Latin word satur and the subsequent phrase lanx satura. Satur meant "full" but the juxtaposition with lanx shifted the meaning to "miscellany or medley": the expression lanx satura literally means "a full dish of various kinds of fruits".[4]
The word satura as used by Quintilian, however, was used to denote only Roman verse satire, a strict genre that imposed hexameter form, a narrower genre than what would be later intended as satire.[4][5] Quintilian famously said that satura, that is a satire in hexameter verses, was a literary genre of wholly Roman origin (satura tota nostra est). He was aware of and commented on Greek satire, but at the time did not label it as such, although today the origin of satire is considered to be Aristophanes' Old Comedy. The first critic to use the term "satire" in the modern broader sense was Apuleius.[4]
To Quintilian, the satire was a strict literary form, but the term soon escaped from the original narrow definition. Robert Elliott writes:
As soon as a noun enters the domain of metaphor, as one modern scholar has pointed out, it clamours for extension; and satura (which had had no verbal, adverbial, or adjectival forms) was immediately broadened by appropriation from the Greek word for “satyr” (satyros) and its derivatives. The odd result is that the English “satire” comes from the Latin satura; but "satirize", "satiric", etc., are of Greek origin. By about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus; St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies 'a satirist in prose' ('satyricus scriptor in prosa'). Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the word satire: satura becomes satyra, and in England, by the 16th century, it was written 'satyre.'[1]
The word satire derives from satura, and its origin was not influenced by the Greek mythological figure of the satyr.[6] In the 17th century, philologist Isaac Casaubon was the first to dispute the etymology of satire from satyr, contrary to the belief up to that time.[7]
Humour
“ The rules of satire are such that it must do more than make you laugh. No matter how amusing it is, it doesn't count unless you find yourself wincing a little even as you chuckle.[8] ”
Laughter is not an essential component of satire;[9] in fact there are types of satire that are not meant to be "funny" at all. Conversely, not all humour, even on such topics as politics, religion or art is necessarily "satirical", even when it uses the satirical tools of irony, parody, and burlesque.
Even light-hearted satire has a serious "after-taste": the organizers of the Ig Nobel Prize describe this as "first make people laugh, and then make them think".[10]
Social and psychological functions
Satire and irony in some cases have been regarded as the most effective source to understand a society, the oldest form of social study.[11] They provide the keenest insights into a group's collective psyche, reveal its deepest values and tastes, and the society's structures of power.[12][13] Some authors have regarded satire as superior to non-comic and non-artistic disciplines like history or anthropology.[11][14][15][16] In a prominent example from ancient Greece, philosopher Plato, when asked by a friend for a book to understand Athenian society, referred him to the plays of Aristophanes.[17][18]
Historically, satire has satisfied the popular need to debunk and ridicule the leading figures in politics, economy, religion and other prominent realms of power.[19] Satire confronts public discourse and the collective imaginary, playing as a public opinion counterweight to power (be it political, economic, religious, symbolic, or otherwise), by challenging leaders and authorities. For instance, it forces administrations to clarify, amend or establish their policies. Satire's job is to expose problems and contradictions, and it's not obligated to solve them.[20] Karl Kraus set in the history of satire a prominent example of a satirist role as confronting public discourse.[21]
For its nature and social role, satire has enjoyed in many societies a special freedom license to mock prominent individuals and institutions.[22] The satiric impulse, and its ritualized expressions, carry out the function of resolving social tension.[23] Institutions like the ritual clowns, by giving expression to the antisocial tendencies, represent a safety valve which re-establishes equilibrium and health in the collective imaginary, which are jeopardized by the repressive aspects of society.[24][25]
The state of political satire in a given society reflects the tolerance or intolerance that characterizes it,[19] and the state of civil liberties and human rights. Under totalitarian regimes any criticism of a political system, and especially satire, is suppressed. A typical example is the Soviet Union where the dissidents, such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov were under strong pressure from the government. While satire of everyday life in the USSR was allowed, the most prominent satirist being Arkady Raikin, political satire existed in the form of anecdotes[26] that made fun of Soviet political leaders, especially Brezhnev, famous for his narrow-mindedness and love for awards and decorations.
Classifications
Satire is a diverse genre which is complex to classify and define, with a wide range of satiric "modes".[27][28]
Horatian, Juvenalian, Menippean
"Le satire e l'epistole di Q. Orazio Flacco", printed in 1814.
Satirical literature can commonly be categorized as either Horatian, Juvenalian, or Menippean.[29]
Horatian
Horatian satire, named for the Roman satirist Horace (65–8 BCE), playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle, mild, and light-hearted humour. Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) wrote Satires to gently ridicule the dominant opinions and "philosophical beliefs of ancient Rome and Greece" (Rankin).[30] Rather than writing in harsh or accusing tones, he addressed issues with humor and clever mockery. Horatian satire follows this same pattern of "gently [ridiculing] the absurdities and follies of human beings" (Drury).[31]
It directs wit, exaggeration, and self-deprecating humour toward what it identifies as folly, rather than evil. Horatian satire's sympathetic tone is common in modern society.[32]
A Horatian satirist's goal is to heal the situation with smiles, rather than by anger. Horatian satire is a gentle reminder to take life less seriously and evokes a wry smile.[31] A Horatian satirist makes fun of general human folly rather than engaging in specific or personal attacks. Shamekia Thomas suggests, "In a work using Horatian satire, readers often laugh at the characters in the story who are the subject of mockery as well as themselves and society for behaving in those ways." Alexander Pope has been established as an author whose satire "heals with morals what it hurts with wit" (Green).[33] Alexander Pope—and Horatian satire—attempt to teach.
Examples of Horatian satire:
The Ig Nobel Prizes.
Bierce, Ambrose, The Devil's Dictionary.
Defoe, Daniel, The True-Born Englishman.
The Savoy Operas of Gilbert and Sullivan.
Trollope, Anthony, The Way We Live Now.
Gogol, Nikolai, Dead Souls.
Groening, Matthew "Matt", The Simpsons.
Lewis, Clive Staples, The Screwtape Letters.
Mercer, Richard ‘Rick’, The Rick Mercer Report.
More, Thomas, Utopia
Pope, Alexander, The Rape of the Lock.
Reiner, Rob, This Is Spinal Tap.
Twain, Mark, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Ralston Saul, John, The Doubter's Companion: A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense.
Juvenalian
See also: Satires of Juvenal
Juvenalian satire, named for the writings of the Roman satirist Juvenal (late first century – early second century AD), is more contemptuous and abrasive than the Horatian. Juvenal disagreed with the opinions of the public figures and institutions of the Republic and actively attacked them through his literature. "He utilized the satirical tools of exaggeration and parody to make his targets appear monstrous and incompetent" (Podzemny).[34] Juvenal's satire follows this same pattern of abrasively ridiculing societal structures. Juvenal also, unlike Horace, attacked public officials and governmental organizations through his satires, regarding their opinions as not just wrong, but evil.
Following in this tradition, Juvenalian satire addresses perceived social evil through scorn, outrage, and savage ridicule. This form is often pessimistic, characterized by the use of irony, sarcasm, moral indignation and personal invective, with less emphasis on humor. Strongly polarized political satire can often be classified as Juvenalian.
A Juvenal satirist's goal is generally to provoke some sort of political or societal change because he sees his opponent or object as evil or harmful.[35] A Juvenal satirist mocks "societal structure, power, and civilization" (Thomas)[36] by exaggerating the words or position of his opponent in order to jeopardize their opponent's reputation and/or power. Jonathan Swift has been established as an author who "borrowed heavily from Juvenal's techniques in [his critique] of contemporary English society" (Podzemny).[34]
Examples of Juvenalian satire:
Barnes, Julian, England, England.
Beatty, Paul, The Sellout.
Bradbury, Ray, Fahrenheit 451.
Brooker, Charlie, Black Mirror.
Bulgakov, Mikhail, Heart of a Dog.
Burgess, Anthony, A Clockwork Orange.
Burroughs, William, Naked Lunch.
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, Don Juan.
Barth, John, The Sot-Weed Factor; or, A Voyage to Maryland,—a satire, in which is described the laws, government, courts, and constitutions of the country, and also the buildings, feasts, frolics, entertainments, and drunken humors of the inhabitants in that part of America.
Ellis, Bret Easton, American Psycho.
Golding, William, Lord of the Flies.
Hall, Joseph, Virgidemiarum.
Heller, Joseph, Catch-22.
Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World.
Johnson, Samuel, London, an adaptation of Juvenal, Third Satire.
Junius, Letters.
Kubrick, Stanley, Dr. Strangelove.
Mencken, HL, Libido for the Ugly.
Morris, Chris, Brass Eye.
———, The Day Today.
Orwell, George, Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Orwell, George, Animal Farm.
Palahniuk, Chuck, Fight Club.
Swift, Jonathan, A Modest Proposal.
Voltaire, Candide.
Zamyatin, Yevgeny, We.
Menippean
See Menippean satire.
Satire versus teasing
In the history of theatre there has always been a conflict between engagement and disengagement on politics and relevant issue, between satire and grotesque on one side, and jest with teasing on the other.[37] Max Eastman defined the spectrum of satire in terms of "degrees of biting", as ranging from satire proper at the hot-end, and "kidding" at the violet-end; Eastman adopted the term kidding to denote what is just satirical in form, but is not really firing at the target.[38] Nobel laureate satirical playwright Dario Fo pointed out the difference between satire and teasing (sfottò).[39] Teasing is the reactionary side of the comic; it limits itself to a shallow parody of physical appearance. The side-effect of teasing is that it humanizes and draws sympathy for the powerful individual towards which it is directed. Satire instead uses the comic to go against power and its oppressions, has a subversive character, and a moral dimension which draws judgement against its targets.[40][41][42][43] Fo formulated an operational criterion to tell real satire from sfottò, saying that real satire arouses an outraged and violent reaction, and that the more they try to stop you, the better is the job you are doing.[44] Fo contends that, historically, people in positions of power have welcomed and encouraged good-humoured buffoonery, while modern day people in positions of power have tried to censor, ostracize and repress satire.[37][40]
Teasing (sfottò) is an ancient form of simple buffoonery, a form of comedy without satire's subversive edge. Teasing includes light and affectionate parody, good-humoured mockery, simple one-dimensional poking fun, and benign spoofs. Teasing typically consists of an impersonation of someone monkeying around with his exterior attributes, tics, physical blemishes, voice and mannerisms, quirks, way of dressing and walking, and/or the phrases he typically repeats. By contrast, teasing never touches on the core issue, never makes a serious criticism judging the target with irony; it never harms the target's conduct, ideology and position of power; it never undermines the perception of his morality and cultural dimension.[40][42] Sfottò directed towards a powerful individual makes him appear more human and draws sympathy towards him.[45] Hermann Göring propagated jests and jokes against himself, with the aim of humanizing his image.[46][47]
Classifications by topics
Types of satire can also be classified according to the topics it deals with. From the earliest times, at least since the plays of Aristophanes, the primary topics of literary satire have been politics, religion and sex.[48][49][50][51] This is partly because these are the most pressing problems that affect anybody living in a society, and partly because these topics are usually taboo.[48][52] Among these, politics in the broader sense is considered the pre-eminent topic of satire.[52] Satire which targets the clergy is a type of political satire, while religious satire is that which targets religious beliefs.[53] Satire on sex may overlap with blue comedy, off-color humor and dick jokes.
Scatology has a long literary association with satire,[48][54][55] as it is a classical mode of the grotesque, the grotesque body and the satiric grotesque.[48][56] Shit plays a fundamental role in satire because it symbolizes death, the turd being "the ultimate dead object".[54][55] The satirical comparison of individuals or institutions with human excrement, exposes their "inherent inertness, corruption and dead-likeness".[54][57][58] The ritual clowns of clown societies, like among the Pueblo Indians, have ceremonies with filth-eating.[59][60] In other cultures, sin-eating is an apotropaic rite in which the sin-eater (also called filth-eater),[61][62] by ingesting the food provided, takes "upon himself the sins of the departed".[63] Satire about death overlaps with black humor and gallows humor.
Another classification by topics is the distinction between political satire, religious satire and satire of manners.[64] Political satire is sometimes called topical satire, satire of manners is sometimes called satire of everyday life, and religious satire is sometimes called philosophical satire. Comedy of manners, sometimes also called satire of manners, criticizes mode of life of common people; political satire aims at behavior, manners of politicians, and vices of political systems. Historically, comedy of manners, which first appeared in British theater in 1620, has uncritically accepted the social code of the upper classes.[65] Comedy in general accepts the rules of the social game, while satire subverts them.[66]
Another analysis of satire is the spectrum of his possible tones: wit, ridicule, irony, sarcasm, cynicism, the sardonic and invective.[67][68]
The type of humour that deals with creating laughter at the expense of the person telling the joke is called reflexive humour[69].Reflexive humour can take place at dual levels of directing humour at self or at the larger community the self identifies with. The audience's understanding of the context of reflexive humour is important for its receptivity and success [69]. Satire is found not only in written literary forms. In preliterate cultures it manifests itself in ritual and folk forms, as well as in trickster tales and oral poetry.[23]
It appears also in graphic arts, music, sculpture, dance, cartoon strips, and graffiti. Examples are Dada sculptures, Pop Art works, music of Gilbert and Sullivan and Erik Satie, punk and rock music.[23] In modern media culture, stand-up comedy is an enclave in which satire can be introduced into mass media, challenging mainstream discourse.[23] Comedy roasts, mock festivals, and stand-up comedians in nightclubs and concerts are the modern forms of ancient satiric rituals.[23]
Development
Ancient Egypt
The satirical papyrus at the British Museum
Satirical ostracon showing a cat guarding geese, c.1120 BC, Egypt.
Figured ostracon showing a cat waiting on a mouse, Egypt
One of the earliest examples of what we might call satire, The Satire of the Trades,[70] is in Egyptian writing from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The text's apparent readers are students, tired of studying. It argues that their lot as scribes is not only useful, but far superior to that of the ordinary man. Scholars such as Helck[71] think that the context was meant to be serious.
The Papyrus Anastasi I[72] (late 2nd millennium BC) contains a satirical letter which first praises the virtues of its recipient, but then mocks the reader's meagre knowledge and achievements.
Ancient Greece
The Greeks had no word for what later would be called "satire", although the terms cynicism and parody were used. Modern critics call the Greek playwright Aristophanes one of the best known early satirists: his plays are known for their critical political and societal commentary,[73] particularly for the political satire by which he criticized the powerful Cleon (as in The Knights). He is also notable for the persecution he underwent.[73][74][75][76] Aristophanes' plays turned upon images of filth and disease.[77] His bawdy style was adopted by Greek dramatist-comedian Menander. His early play Drunkenness contains an attack on the politician Callimedon.
The oldest form of satire still in use is the Menippean satire by Menippus of Gadara. His own writings are lost. Examples from his admirers and imitators mix seriousness and mockery in dialogues and present parodies before a background of diatribe. As in the case of Aristophanes plays, menippean satire turned upon images of filth and disease.[77]
Roman world
The first Roman to discuss satire critically was Quintilian, who invented the term to describe the writings of Gaius Lucilius. The two most prominent and influential ancient Roman satirists are Horace and Juvenal, who wrote during the early days of the Roman Empire. Other important satirists in ancient Latin are Gaius Lucilius and Persius. Satire in their work is much wider than in the modern sense of the word, including fantastic and highly coloured humorous writing with little or no real mocking intent. When Horace criticized Augustus, he used veiled ironic terms. In contrast, Pliny reports that the 6th-century-BC poet Hipponax wrote satirae that were so cruel that the offended hanged themselves.[78]
In the 2nd century AD, Lucian wrote True History, a book satirizing the clearly unrealistic travelogues/adventures written by Ctesias, Iambulus, and Homer. He states that he was surprised they expected people to believe their lies, and stating that he, like them, has no actual knowledge or experience, but shall now tell lies as if he did. He goes on to describe a far more obviously extreme and unrealistic tale, involving interplanetary exploration, war among alien life forms, and life inside a 200 mile long whale back in the terrestrial ocean, all intended to make obvious the fallacies of books like Indica and The Odyssey.
Medieval Islamic world
Main articles: Arabic satire and Persian satire
Medieval Arabic poetry included the satiric genre hija. Satire was introduced into Arabic prose literature by the author Al-Jahiz in the 9th century. While dealing with serious topics in what are now known as anthropology, sociology and psychology, he introduced a satirical approach, "based on the premise that, however serious the subject under review, it could be made more interesting and thus achieve greater effect, if only one leavened the lump of solemnity by the insertion of a few amusing anecdotes or by the throwing out of some witty or paradoxical observations. He was well aware that, in treating of new themes in his prose works, he would have to employ a vocabulary of a nature more familiar in hija, satirical poetry."[79] For example, in one of his zoological works, he satirized the preference for longer human penis size, writing: "If the length of the penis were a sign of honor, then the mule would belong to the (honorable tribe of) Quraysh". Another satirical story based on this preference was an Arabian Nights tale called "Ali with the Large Member".[80]
In the 10th century, the writer Tha'alibi recorded satirical poetry written by the Arabic poets As-Salami and Abu Dulaf, with As-Salami praising Abu Dulaf's wide breadth of knowledge and then mocking his ability in all these subjects, and with Abu Dulaf responding back and satirizing As-Salami in return.[81] An example of Arabic political satire included another 10th-century poet Jarir satirizing Farazdaq as "a transgressor of the Sharia" and later Arabic poets in turn using the term "Farazdaq-like" as a form of political satire.[82]
The terms "comedy" and "satire" became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world, where it was elaborated upon by Islamic philosophers and writers, such as Abu Bischr, his pupil Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as hija (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension", and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or troubled beginnings and happy endings, associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term "comedy" thus gained a new semantic meaning in Medieval literature.[83]
Ubayd Zakani introduced satire in Persian literature during the 14th century. His work is noted for its satire and obscene verses, often political or bawdy, and often cited in debates involving homosexual practices. He wrote the Resaleh-ye Delgosha, as well as Akhlaq al-Ashraf ("Ethics of the Aristocracy") and the famous humorous fable Masnavi Mush-O-Gorbeh (Mouse and Cat), which was a political satire. His non-satirical serious classical verses have also been regarded as very well written, in league with the other great works of Persian literature. Between 1905 and 1911, Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi and other Iranian writers wrote notable satires.
Medieval Europe
In the Early Middle Ages, examples of satire were the songs by Goliards or vagants now best known as an anthology called Carmina Burana and made famous as texts of a composition by the 20th-century composer Carl Orff. Satirical poetry is believed to have been popular, although little has survived. With the advent of the High Middle Ages and the birth of modern vernacular literature in the 12th century, it began to be used again, most notably by Chaucer. The disrespectful manner was considered "unchristian" and ignored, except for the moral satire, which mocked misbehaviour in Christian terms. Examples are Livre des Manières by Étienne de Fougères [fr] (~1178), and some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Sometimes epic poetry (epos) was mocked, and even feudal society, but there was hardly a general interest in the genre.
Early modern western satire
Pieter Bruegel's 1568 satirical painting The Blind Leading the Blind.
Direct social commentary via satire returned with a vengeance in the 16th century, when farcical texts such as the works of François Rabelais tackled more serious issues (and incurred the wrath of the crown as a result).
Two major satirists of Europe in the Renaissance were Giovanni Boccaccio and François Rabelais. Other examples of Renaissance satire include Till Eulenspiegel, Reynard the Fox, Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiff (1494), Erasmus's Moriae Encomium (1509), Thomas More's Utopia (1516), and Carajicomedia (1519).
The Elizabethan (i.e. 16th-century English) writers thought of satire as related to the notoriously rude, coarse and sharp satyr play. Elizabethan "satire" (typically in pamphlet form) therefore contains more straightforward abuse than subtle irony. The French Huguenot Isaac Casaubon pointed out in 1605 that satire in the Roman fashion was something altogether more civilised. Casaubon discovered and published Quintilian's writing and presented the original meaning of the term (satira, not satyr), and the sense of wittiness (reflecting the "dishfull of fruits") became more important again. Seventeenth-century English satire once again aimed at the "amendment of vices" (Dryden).
In the 1590s a new wave of verse satire broke with the publication of Hall's Virgidemiarum, six books of verse satires targeting everything from literary fads to corrupt noblemen. Although Donne had already circulated satires in manuscript, Hall's was the first real attempt in English at verse satire on the Juvenalian model.[84][page needed] The success of his work combined with a national mood of disillusion in the last years of Elizabeth's reign triggered an avalanche of satire—much of it less conscious of classical models than Hall's — until the fashion was brought to an
2023.03.25 02:18 sequence_string Richie's new cyclist outfit (El Quijote) [Original]
submitted by sequence_string to u/sequence_string [link] [comments]
2023.03.25 02:05 Feral-Species Is Britain on a downward spiral we cant escape?
“they see in poverty nothing but poverty, without seeing in it the revolutionary, subversive side, which will overthrow the old society.” - Marx
For hundreds of years, the only dividing line in the UK was wealth. Those with power, those without. This formed the bedrock of division across the West. This dividing line led to consistent unrest and revolution at all levels of society; the barons revolt, the peasants revolt, the french revolution. More recently, socialism, marxism, communism. Truly terrible events came from these revolutions. Thousands, often millions dead in the persuit of redefining the accepting norms of society.
Today, 1 in 5 millenials do not know Jospeh Stalin killed 30 million people (victims of communism). And in essence, the younget generations, often the bed rock of revolution, are again seeing a surge in support for socialism, communism. This is paired with self loathing of ones person, which seems to be the trend to teach across schools and the workplace today. This is a recipe for disaster.
Today, the original dividing line of rich and poor is still very present, perhaps worse with the advent of easy debt. But, instead of one defined dividing line, there are now dozens. Sex, race, gender, gender politics to name a few. Within each of these catagories are sometimes hundreds of sub-catagories and cultures, all with there own demands, needs, wants and politics. Many of these cultures show open hostility to Western structures and morals, and actively aim to subvert society.
Like a pane of glass with many chips, the risk of shattering is a clear and present danger.
With the growing risk of moderm autocratic nations, some inherently opposed to Western ideology of freedom (Russia, Iran), and those perhaps more neutral but extremely successful (Singapore, UAE, China), is the West at risk of losing?
Rewind. Most successful nations/empires that have existed has declined due to decadence and domestic turmoil that fractured the bindings that held it together - leading to slow, or very quick dissolutions of power, which always results in extreme violence as those with power make their move.
Successful modern autocratic nations, mostly abhorrent through a Western lens, tend not to have this issue. Dividing lines are not allowed to exist. Dissent and sub-cultures are crushed. Domestic policy based around nationalism, and collectivism becomes the glue that binds. But, this approach comes with its own pitfalls. Brutal law enforcement, curruption, and intense surveillance are common themes.
That said.
If the Ukraine war escalated, and China invaded Taiwan, would the west have the stomach to fight? Would we see the same scenes during the 1930s of young men up and down the country volunteering to join the war knowing they were fighting for something bigger than themselves? Or, would our society fracture, would wearing the white flower of the consciousness objector be "cool", and a tik-tok trend? Could the population of the West drop its obsession with individualism and the expense of collectivism?
So, my question is this: has the UK/US and the West become so fractured by individualism, that we are now on the back foot compared to autocratic nations? Are we in the process of a slow decline due to extreme decadence? What does the future hold for the Western powers?
submitted by Feral-Species to british [link] [comments]
For hundreds of years, the only dividing line in the UK was wealth. Those with power, those without. This formed the bedrock of division across the West. This dividing line led to consistent unrest and revolution at all levels of society; the barons revolt, the peasants revolt, the french revolution. More recently, socialism, marxism, communism. Truly terrible events came from these revolutions. Thousands, often millions dead in the persuit of redefining the accepting norms of society.
Today, 1 in 5 millenials do not know Jospeh Stalin killed 30 million people (victims of communism). And in essence, the younget generations, often the bed rock of revolution, are again seeing a surge in support for socialism, communism. This is paired with self loathing of ones person, which seems to be the trend to teach across schools and the workplace today. This is a recipe for disaster.
Today, the original dividing line of rich and poor is still very present, perhaps worse with the advent of easy debt. But, instead of one defined dividing line, there are now dozens. Sex, race, gender, gender politics to name a few. Within each of these catagories are sometimes hundreds of sub-catagories and cultures, all with there own demands, needs, wants and politics. Many of these cultures show open hostility to Western structures and morals, and actively aim to subvert society.
Like a pane of glass with many chips, the risk of shattering is a clear and present danger.
With the growing risk of moderm autocratic nations, some inherently opposed to Western ideology of freedom (Russia, Iran), and those perhaps more neutral but extremely successful (Singapore, UAE, China), is the West at risk of losing?
Rewind. Most successful nations/empires that have existed has declined due to decadence and domestic turmoil that fractured the bindings that held it together - leading to slow, or very quick dissolutions of power, which always results in extreme violence as those with power make their move.
Successful modern autocratic nations, mostly abhorrent through a Western lens, tend not to have this issue. Dividing lines are not allowed to exist. Dissent and sub-cultures are crushed. Domestic policy based around nationalism, and collectivism becomes the glue that binds. But, this approach comes with its own pitfalls. Brutal law enforcement, curruption, and intense surveillance are common themes.
That said.
If the Ukraine war escalated, and China invaded Taiwan, would the west have the stomach to fight? Would we see the same scenes during the 1930s of young men up and down the country volunteering to join the war knowing they were fighting for something bigger than themselves? Or, would our society fracture, would wearing the white flower of the consciousness objector be "cool", and a tik-tok trend? Could the population of the West drop its obsession with individualism and the expense of collectivism?
So, my question is this: has the UK/US and the West become so fractured by individualism, that we are now on the back foot compared to autocratic nations? Are we in the process of a slow decline due to extreme decadence? What does the future hold for the Western powers?
2023.03.25 02:04 Feral-Species Is the west done?
“they see in poverty nothing but poverty, without seeing in it the revolutionary, subversive side, which will overthrow the old society.” - Marx
For hundreds of years, the only dividing line in the UK was wealth. Those with power, those without. This formed the bedrock of division across the West. This dividing line led to consistent unrest and revolution at all levels of society; the barons revolt, the peasants revolt, the french revolution. More recently, socialism, marxism, communism. Truly terrible events came from these revolutions. Thousands, often millions dead in the persuit of redefining the accepting norms of society.
Today, 1 in 5 millenials do not know Jospeh Stalin killed 30 million people (victims of communism). And in essence, the younget generations, often the bed rock of revolution, are again seeing a surge in support for socialism, communism. This is paired with self loathing of ones person, which seems to be the trend to teach across schools and the workplace today. This is a recipe for disaster.
Today, the original dividing line of rich and poor is still very present, perhaps worse with the advent of easy debt. But, instead of one defined dividing line, there are now dozens. Sex, race, gender, gender politics to name a few. Within each of these catagories are sometimes hundreds of sub-catagories and cultures, all with there own demands, needs, wants and politics. Many of these cultures show open hostility to Western structures and morals, and actively aim to subvert society.
Like a pane of glass with many chips, the risk of shattering is a clear and present danger.
With the growing risk of moderm autocratic nations, some inherently opposed to Western ideology of freedom (Russia, Iran), and those perhaps more neutral but extremely successful (Singapore, UAE, China), is the West at risk of losing?
Rewind. Most successful nations/empires that have existed has declined due to decadence and domestic turmoil that fractured the bindings that held it together - leading to slow, or very quick dissolutions of power, which always results in extreme violence as those with power make their move.
Successful modern autocratic nations, mostly abhorrent through a Western lens, tend not to have this issue. Dividing lines are not allowed to exist. Dissent and sub-cultures are crushed. Domestic policy based around nationalism, and collectivism becomes the glue that binds. But, this approach comes with its own pitfalls. Brutal law enforcement, curruption, and intense surveillance are common themes.
That said.
If the Ukraine war escalated, and China invaded Taiwan, would the west have the stomach to fight? Would we see the same scenes during the 1930s of young men up and down the country volunteering to join the war knowing they were fighting for something bigger than themselves? Or, would our society fracture, would wearing the white flower of the consciousness objector be "cool", and a tik-tok trend? Could the population of the West drop its obsession with individualism and the expense of collectivism?
So, my question is this: has the UK/US and the West become so fractured by individualism, that we are now on the back foot compared to autocratic nations? Are we in the process of a slow decline due to extreme decadence? What does the future hold for the Western powers?
submitted by Feral-Species to UKMilitaryHistory [link] [comments]
For hundreds of years, the only dividing line in the UK was wealth. Those with power, those without. This formed the bedrock of division across the West. This dividing line led to consistent unrest and revolution at all levels of society; the barons revolt, the peasants revolt, the french revolution. More recently, socialism, marxism, communism. Truly terrible events came from these revolutions. Thousands, often millions dead in the persuit of redefining the accepting norms of society.
Today, 1 in 5 millenials do not know Jospeh Stalin killed 30 million people (victims of communism). And in essence, the younget generations, often the bed rock of revolution, are again seeing a surge in support for socialism, communism. This is paired with self loathing of ones person, which seems to be the trend to teach across schools and the workplace today. This is a recipe for disaster.
Today, the original dividing line of rich and poor is still very present, perhaps worse with the advent of easy debt. But, instead of one defined dividing line, there are now dozens. Sex, race, gender, gender politics to name a few. Within each of these catagories are sometimes hundreds of sub-catagories and cultures, all with there own demands, needs, wants and politics. Many of these cultures show open hostility to Western structures and morals, and actively aim to subvert society.
Like a pane of glass with many chips, the risk of shattering is a clear and present danger.
With the growing risk of moderm autocratic nations, some inherently opposed to Western ideology of freedom (Russia, Iran), and those perhaps more neutral but extremely successful (Singapore, UAE, China), is the West at risk of losing?
Rewind. Most successful nations/empires that have existed has declined due to decadence and domestic turmoil that fractured the bindings that held it together - leading to slow, or very quick dissolutions of power, which always results in extreme violence as those with power make their move.
Successful modern autocratic nations, mostly abhorrent through a Western lens, tend not to have this issue. Dividing lines are not allowed to exist. Dissent and sub-cultures are crushed. Domestic policy based around nationalism, and collectivism becomes the glue that binds. But, this approach comes with its own pitfalls. Brutal law enforcement, curruption, and intense surveillance are common themes.
That said.
If the Ukraine war escalated, and China invaded Taiwan, would the west have the stomach to fight? Would we see the same scenes during the 1930s of young men up and down the country volunteering to join the war knowing they were fighting for something bigger than themselves? Or, would our society fracture, would wearing the white flower of the consciousness objector be "cool", and a tik-tok trend? Could the population of the West drop its obsession with individualism and the expense of collectivism?
So, my question is this: has the UK/US and the West become so fractured by individualism, that we are now on the back foot compared to autocratic nations? Are we in the process of a slow decline due to extreme decadence? What does the future hold for the Western powers?
2023.03.25 02:03 No-Perspective2671 First pan!
 | submitted by No-Perspective2671 to PanPorn [link] [comments] |
2023.03.25 01:57 CatEyes420 The Twelve Steps Plus One
“Below are the 12 Steps in their entirety, as originally published by AA. Please click on an individual step to learn more about it.
Step 1
We admitted we were powerless over unhappiness– that our lives had become unmanageable.
Step 2
Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.
Step 3
Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him.
Step 4
Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.
Step 5
Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.
Step 6
Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.
Step 7
Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.
Step 8
Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.
Step 9
Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.
Step 10
Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it.
Step 11
Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His Will for us and the power to carry that out.
Step 12
Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to unhappy individuals, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.”
https://www.12step.com/12steps
Step 13
Admit you have tried all the above 12 steps & are part of a disguised government-approved cult and have what some individuals would consider improved your life by actively working on all these steps for many years, yet still feeling unhappy, in fact, feeling even more unhappy in life than before, because of undergoing a spiritual awakening of being actively taken advantage off every step taken no matter what path taken…now what?
submitted by CatEyes420 to conspiracy [link] [comments]
“Below are the 12 Steps in their entirety, as originally published by AA. Please click on an individual step to learn more about it.
Step 1
We admitted we were powerless over unhappiness– that our lives had become unmanageable.
Step 2
Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.
Step 3
Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him.
Step 4
Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.
Step 5
Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.
Step 6
Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.
Step 7
Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.
Step 8
Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.
Step 9
Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.
Step 10
Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it.
Step 11
Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His Will for us and the power to carry that out.
Step 12
Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to unhappy individuals, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.”
https://www.12step.com/12steps
Step 13
Admit you have tried all the above 12 steps & are part of a disguised government-approved cult and have what some individuals would consider improved your life by actively working on all these steps for many years, yet still feeling unhappy, in fact, feeling even more unhappy in life than before, because of undergoing a spiritual awakening of being actively taken advantage off every step taken no matter what path taken…now what?
2023.03.25 01:55 autotldr An 8-foot-tall portrait of Trump was among the foreign gifts that went missing when he left office. A reporter found it in a Trump hotel, collecting dust, next to a pile of yoga mats.
This is the best tl;dr I could make, original reduced by 59%. (I'm a bot)
Summary Source FAQ Feedback Top keywords: Trump#1 gifts#2 President#3 painting#4 report#5
Post found in /politics, /politics and /The_Mueller.
NOTICE: This thread is for discussing the submission topic. Please do not discuss the concept of the autotldr bot here.
submitted by autotldr to autotldr [link] [comments]
A "Larger-than-life sized" painting of former President Donald Trump, gifted to him by the president of El Salvador, was among the list of foreign gifts he received that congressional Democrats said were missing - but it appears to have finally turned up at one of his hotels.
House Democrats released a report earlier this month declaring Trump had failed to report more than 100 expensive foreign gifts that he received while in office, some of which were still missing.
The report said El Salvador's president, Nayib Bukele, presented Trump with the large portrait towards the end of his presidency, ahead of the 2020 elections.
The man, who was unnamed, said he and his son were exploring the glamorous property when they opened up a random door with a gold handle and found the 8-foot-tall portrait that featured a smiling Trump standing in the Oval Office.
The Trump National Doral hotel and Trump's post-presidency office did not immediately respond to Insider's requests for comment.
The report from House Democrats said, "The Trump Administration's failure to disclose more than one hundred foreign gifts President Trump and his family received raises new questions about whether these and other gifts may have been used by foreign governments to influence US policy under President Trump."
Post found in /politics, /politics and /The_Mueller.
NOTICE: This thread is for discussing the submission topic. Please do not discuss the concept of the autotldr bot here.
2023.03.25 01:45 EvaRaw666 Burlando habló con Perfil. En 1 entrevista con "Modo Fontevecchia" pasó d decir q no sabía quien aparecía en los spots con él a asegurar q probablemente haya sido Auge el del video, y después afirmó q no estaba "en condiciones de cancelar gente", y apuntó a q esa era la intención d esta revista
 | submitted by EvaRaw666 to Republica_Argentina [link] [comments] |
2023.03.25 01:21 squashbanana I've been thinking about a spinoff I'd enjoy seeing
Please be kind here, haha.
But I was telling my husband that I think a spinoff of Agreus' past could be really interesting, especially from his primary perspective as such a "morally grey" character. We could see what his family life and origins were, his drive toward what led him to such brash choices, his experiences that shaped him to become the villain of his past... All while still loving his character and who we know he becomes.
I love a good character I feel conflicted about loving and rooting for, and they could still explore so much of the Carnival Row world in expanding Agreus' past. The world-building in this series has been beautiful and unfortunately lost at times in such a rushed ending (still loved the show, though). Anyway, I'm exhausted, stressed, and rambling - so I'd love to hear everyone's thoughts!
submitted by squashbanana to CarnivalRow [link] [comments]
But I was telling my husband that I think a spinoff of Agreus' past could be really interesting, especially from his primary perspective as such a "morally grey" character. We could see what his family life and origins were, his drive toward what led him to such brash choices, his experiences that shaped him to become the villain of his past... All while still loving his character and who we know he becomes.
I love a good character I feel conflicted about loving and rooting for, and they could still explore so much of the Carnival Row world in expanding Agreus' past. The world-building in this series has been beautiful and unfortunately lost at times in such a rushed ending (still loved the show, though). Anyway, I'm exhausted, stressed, and rambling - so I'd love to hear everyone's thoughts!
2023.03.25 01:04 Penny_Ji Do you think modders will give us all the scrapped game mechanics in time?
I mean morality, crime, a proper fleshed-out companion system with new ai-generated voice work, more role play choices… do you think mods will some day add all this back in and we’ll have the Hogwarts Legacy experience Avalanche originally shot for? Or is that just wishful thinking. I have no idea how hard modding this particular game is, either.
I wonder what kind of bigger mods people are already working on behind the scenes.
We of course already have Companion Anytime and Enhanced NPC mods as an initial launching point.
submitted by Penny_Ji to HarryPotterGame [link] [comments]
I wonder what kind of bigger mods people are already working on behind the scenes.
We of course already have Companion Anytime and Enhanced NPC mods as an initial launching point.
2023.03.25 00:21 CurdsAnd-throwa-Whey [Sun] Balancing Career and belief
(Originally posted to latterdaysaints but not approved by mods for whatever reason: throwaway, sensitive topic, etc...)
I am in the process of training to become a physician. I thoroughly enjoy being part of the delivery process in pregnancy and I am considering pursuing training in obstetrics/gynecology to be able to provide C-sections, tubal ligations, hysterectomies, etc. Part of the training for this is abortions. The part of the world I am in offers me protections in that I do not have to perform medical procedures that are opposed to my moral beliefs, provided I can refer to another physician who can provide the sought services, but I assume this not the case world wide. Some areas of healthcare are in opposition to the church on matters such as MAID (medical assistance in dying) and abortion. At the same time there is a clear time and place for medical procedures when there is threat of life, etc. Are there any obstetricians/gynecologists on here willing to speak their thoughts on this, or those that know of any that are members that have spoken previously on this topic.
Obviously this risks delving into a doctrine vs opinion as many church topics do. Depending on your relationship with the Lord and your own doctrinal understanding some may consider this from a few different points of view: in the same vein as working on the sabbath to provide for your own, that this is irrelevant to healthcare providers and the onus is on the patient and their decisions, or that these services should not/will not be offered unless medically necessary. While I am aware this is always a heated topic and even more so with the recent shift in political interest with the retraction of Roe vs Wade, I hope to have some civilized discussion/career advice.
Regardless of what is said on here I know that it is on me to take this up personally with my family and with the Lord, but it is helpful to hear from others as well.
submitted by CurdsAnd-throwa-Whey to mormondebate [link] [comments]
I am in the process of training to become a physician. I thoroughly enjoy being part of the delivery process in pregnancy and I am considering pursuing training in obstetrics/gynecology to be able to provide C-sections, tubal ligations, hysterectomies, etc. Part of the training for this is abortions. The part of the world I am in offers me protections in that I do not have to perform medical procedures that are opposed to my moral beliefs, provided I can refer to another physician who can provide the sought services, but I assume this not the case world wide. Some areas of healthcare are in opposition to the church on matters such as MAID (medical assistance in dying) and abortion. At the same time there is a clear time and place for medical procedures when there is threat of life, etc. Are there any obstetricians/gynecologists on here willing to speak their thoughts on this, or those that know of any that are members that have spoken previously on this topic.
Obviously this risks delving into a doctrine vs opinion as many church topics do. Depending on your relationship with the Lord and your own doctrinal understanding some may consider this from a few different points of view: in the same vein as working on the sabbath to provide for your own, that this is irrelevant to healthcare providers and the onus is on the patient and their decisions, or that these services should not/will not be offered unless medically necessary. While I am aware this is always a heated topic and even more so with the recent shift in political interest with the retraction of Roe vs Wade, I hope to have some civilized discussion/career advice.
Regardless of what is said on here I know that it is on me to take this up personally with my family and with the Lord, but it is helpful to hear from others as well.
2023.03.25 00:11 deeptechsharing VA – Sola Presents: Miami 2023 [SOLA188]
Genre: House, Tech House, Dance / Electro Pop, Melodic House & Techno Label: Sola Release Date: 2023-03-24
DOWNLOAD in 320kbps here: https://sharing-db.club/house/426867_va-sola-presents-miami-2023-sola188/
Tracklist: 1. Ki Creighton, Nico Balducci – Loose (Original Mix) (5:34) 2. Dmitri Saidi, Sinner & James – El Nacimiento (Extended Mix) (6:55) 3. Volaris – Purple Skies (Extended Mix) (6:19) 4. Bluey – Pressure (Original Mix) (6:51) 5. Diaan (Br) – Check in out (Original Mix) (6:27) 6. Shermanology – Pop That (Solardo Like It Hard Remix) (6:02) 7. Little Fritter – Sizzla (Original Mix) (6:55) 8. Viviana Casanova – This Party (Original Mix) (7:15) 9. Manny Martey – Pulp Fact (Original Mix) (5:27) 10. Sosa UK – DFCW (Extended Mix) (6:05) 11. Maur – Wait (Original Mix) (4:13) 12. LewRaz – Sensation (Original Mix) (6:38) 13. Mihalis Safras – On The Floor (Original Mix) (5:40) 14. Gianfranco Troccoli, Marco C. – Super Funk (Original Mix) (6:51) 15. Biscits – Jungle Sounds (Original Mix) (3:22) 16. Andrew Meller – Sadcited (Original Mix) (6:48) 17. PAX – Just Like That (Extended Mix) (6:01) 18. Mihalis Safras – Lacid (Extended Mix) (6:03) 19. C.O.Z, Matt Guy – Before I Go to Sleep (Original Mix) (6:06) 20. Kevin Corral – Lighters (Original Mix) (6:43) 21. DEL-30 – Disco Biscuits (Original Mix) (3:21) 22. Felix Da Housecat, Danny Howard, MR H’s – Acid Hammer Train (Original Mix) (5:37) 23. Pasquale Caracciolo – Music Business (Extended Mix) (6:30) 24. Reblok – Alone with You (Extended Mix) (5:56) 25. Gene Farris – Body Shake (Extended Mix) (7:23) 26. Tuff London – Beat Baby (Extended Mix) (7:22) 27. Roger That (UK) – Lady In Red (Extended Mix) (7:04) 28. Mason Maynard – Soul Service (Original Mix) (7:15) 29. Boeke – She Came Hot (Original Mix) (5:09) 30. Pirate Copy – Piano Track (Extended Mix) (6:07)
submitted by deeptechsharing to u/deeptechsharing [link] [comments]
DOWNLOAD in 320kbps here: https://sharing-db.club/house/426867_va-sola-presents-miami-2023-sola188/
Tracklist: 1. Ki Creighton, Nico Balducci – Loose (Original Mix) (5:34) 2. Dmitri Saidi, Sinner & James – El Nacimiento (Extended Mix) (6:55) 3. Volaris – Purple Skies (Extended Mix) (6:19) 4. Bluey – Pressure (Original Mix) (6:51) 5. Diaan (Br) – Check in out (Original Mix) (6:27) 6. Shermanology – Pop That (Solardo Like It Hard Remix) (6:02) 7. Little Fritter – Sizzla (Original Mix) (6:55) 8. Viviana Casanova – This Party (Original Mix) (7:15) 9. Manny Martey – Pulp Fact (Original Mix) (5:27) 10. Sosa UK – DFCW (Extended Mix) (6:05) 11. Maur – Wait (Original Mix) (4:13) 12. LewRaz – Sensation (Original Mix) (6:38) 13. Mihalis Safras – On The Floor (Original Mix) (5:40) 14. Gianfranco Troccoli, Marco C. – Super Funk (Original Mix) (6:51) 15. Biscits – Jungle Sounds (Original Mix) (3:22) 16. Andrew Meller – Sadcited (Original Mix) (6:48) 17. PAX – Just Like That (Extended Mix) (6:01) 18. Mihalis Safras – Lacid (Extended Mix) (6:03) 19. C.O.Z, Matt Guy – Before I Go to Sleep (Original Mix) (6:06) 20. Kevin Corral – Lighters (Original Mix) (6:43) 21. DEL-30 – Disco Biscuits (Original Mix) (3:21) 22. Felix Da Housecat, Danny Howard, MR H’s – Acid Hammer Train (Original Mix) (5:37) 23. Pasquale Caracciolo – Music Business (Extended Mix) (6:30) 24. Reblok – Alone with You (Extended Mix) (5:56) 25. Gene Farris – Body Shake (Extended Mix) (7:23) 26. Tuff London – Beat Baby (Extended Mix) (7:22) 27. Roger That (UK) – Lady In Red (Extended Mix) (7:04) 28. Mason Maynard – Soul Service (Original Mix) (7:15) 29. Boeke – She Came Hot (Original Mix) (5:09) 30. Pirate Copy – Piano Track (Extended Mix) (6:07)
2023.03.25 00:01 PokingDogSnouts 32 [M4F] New Jersey/New York — Where have all the flowers gone?
I'd like to find somebody thoughtful, someone who isn't superficial. Somebody who appreciates the rich vastness of our cultural past, and freely follows her curiosity in exploring it. Somebody who is trying her best to adhere to the guidance of her inner moral compass, and isn't so easily fooled by the distractions and illusions of the world.
I'd also love it if she were artistic. Singing, sketching, painting, writing, composing, creating. Someone who is trying to nurture their talents and passions. I know it can be difficult...
As for me, well... I adore music. Mostly voices from the past (the 1960s would have to be my favorite), because I find them to be humbler and more from the heart, at least in popular music. I’ll just give an example of something I’ve looked into, and this is nowhere near representative of my wider taste, but if you go back to early 1920s country music... (Here's an aside: a lot of what people think of as "country" today is a long cry from what the genre is actually like, historically. If you are into folk music—Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan—it is indelibly linked to "country", and if you'd like a popular example of a song that originated within the genre, look no further than the universally recognized "You Are My Sunshine", from 1939!)
Anyway. If you go back to that early period, where undiscovered niches of music were still sought out and first put to tape... a lot of those artists had no idea about anything to do with recording—no ego, no attempt to sound "cool". What came through instead was a bare expression of the life that had been lived—the inner beauty of their own personhood, and I love hearing that. It's so honest. A vulnerable and piercing expression.
So if you're into history or the beautiful music of decades (and centuries) past, if you have any aspirations for creating as a method of changing the world for the better, if you'd like to play games and watch movies together, if you'd like an accountability partner—or all of the above...please message me. I don't mind the chat function, either—in fact, it's probably easier.
I, myself, love beautiful things. Nature, music that tugs at your heartstrings or is so honest you're enraptured, experiences that heal. More specifically, here are some of my current interests:
I'd really like to know an intelligent person with personality, a unique identity...who puts forth effort—though at the same time, no pressure on reaching out. If you are this type of person, but can currently only muster up a few words because, hey! Life is tough, and grueling, and we don't always have a ready-made letter in us to flip out of our pockets—don't be scared away by my tower of words. Please send me a chat message if you're at all interested in chatting.
submitted by PokingDogSnouts to r4r [link] [comments]
I'd also love it if she were artistic. Singing, sketching, painting, writing, composing, creating. Someone who is trying to nurture their talents and passions. I know it can be difficult...
As for me, well... I adore music. Mostly voices from the past (the 1960s would have to be my favorite), because I find them to be humbler and more from the heart, at least in popular music. I’ll just give an example of something I’ve looked into, and this is nowhere near representative of my wider taste, but if you go back to early 1920s country music... (Here's an aside: a lot of what people think of as "country" today is a long cry from what the genre is actually like, historically. If you are into folk music—Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan—it is indelibly linked to "country", and if you'd like a popular example of a song that originated within the genre, look no further than the universally recognized "You Are My Sunshine", from 1939!)
Anyway. If you go back to that early period, where undiscovered niches of music were still sought out and first put to tape... a lot of those artists had no idea about anything to do with recording—no ego, no attempt to sound "cool". What came through instead was a bare expression of the life that had been lived—the inner beauty of their own personhood, and I love hearing that. It's so honest. A vulnerable and piercing expression.
So if you're into history or the beautiful music of decades (and centuries) past, if you have any aspirations for creating as a method of changing the world for the better, if you'd like to play games and watch movies together, if you'd like an accountability partner—or all of the above...please message me. I don't mind the chat function, either—in fact, it's probably easier.
I, myself, love beautiful things. Nature, music that tugs at your heartstrings or is so honest you're enraptured, experiences that heal. More specifically, here are some of my current interests:
- music (singing/playing an instrument/the Beach Boys are my favorite group—I also love Maybelle Carter, Cass Elliot, Pink Floyd, Lana Del Rey, The Cranberries, Sixpence None The Richer, loads of video game music, The Smiths, The Beatles, The Who, Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons, Harry Nilsson, Joni Mitchell, The Righteous Brothers, Judy Garland, Sam Cooke, Frank Churchill, Marty O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori... Here’s a brief go at the Beatles’ “Julia”.)
- drawing—here are a few I've done.
- video games (any era from Atari—I like exploring the history and evolution—to the Switch and PS4) [Currently playing, or starting: The Binding of Isaac, Catherine]
- Disney (especially the Golden Age and Renaissance)
- films/series/books I've enjoyed lately: The Sound of Magic, Love Hard, The Fundamentals of Caring, This Beautiful Fantastic, Donnie Darko, Alamut by Vladimir Bartol (this book was a key inspiration for the first Assassin's Creed), The Trial of the Chicago 7, Medici: The Magnificent, Pollyanna by Eleanor Porter, Judy
I'd really like to know an intelligent person with personality, a unique identity...who puts forth effort—though at the same time, no pressure on reaching out. If you are this type of person, but can currently only muster up a few words because, hey! Life is tough, and grueling, and we don't always have a ready-made letter in us to flip out of our pockets—don't be scared away by my tower of words. Please send me a chat message if you're at all interested in chatting.
2023.03.24 23:58 RedEagle7280 How I think Superman’s arc in the DCU will go
How I think Superman’s arc in the DCU will go
James Gunn and Peter Safran have made it clear that Superman is one of the biggest, if not the biggest priority in terms of characters in the DCU. And with Superman being DC’s original and biggest superhero, it makes sense, especially since he’s been so underutilized in the films in the past several years. Thus, he’s likely gonna serve as the Iron Man of this universe, being the starting point and protagonist in a sense.
I do have faith “Superman: Legacy” will be good, and we know that it wont be an origin story and that it’ll follow Superman in his younger years as a Daily Planet reporter. Gunn clearly wants to embody the character’s sense of hope and morality and the balancing of his Kryptonian and human lineages. I honestly think this’ll be “The Batman” for Superman, a non-origin that follows a younger version of the hero in a visually pleasing (It’s Gunn we’re talking about), comic accurate, and original story that captures how the hero embodies hope in a morally gray world, and introduces iconic characters from the mythos.
I remember hearing something about Superman being connected to the Authority, and my guess is he’ll appear in that film next as the final boss. Gunn wants to capture morally good, bad, and gray stories, and with how he describes the Authority as superpowered beings who’ll do ANYTHING to maintain peace, Superman would be the perfect foe for them to come into contact with. It’d be a match-up that would challenge the characters’ morally contrasting views and superpowered capabilities, and Superman and Apollo in particular would be an interesting match-up. Hell, Superman’s experience with the Authority could convince him that the world needs a group of heroes that would protect them with more righteous standards.
Then, Superman would likely appear in “Supergirl: Woman of Tomorrow” next. He could serve as a mentor and sibling-like figure to Kara, and maybe even fight her at one point as we know she’s gonna be more brutal and jaded. At some point, Superman’s eventually gonna meet Batman, and we’ll hopefully get the iconic friendship and rivalry between the two.
submitted by RedEagle7280 to DCcomics [link] [comments]
James Gunn and Peter Safran have made it clear that Superman is one of the biggest, if not the biggest priority in terms of characters in the DCU. And with Superman being DC’s original and biggest superhero, it makes sense, especially since he’s been so underutilized in the films in the past several years. Thus, he’s likely gonna serve as the Iron Man of this universe, being the starting point and protagonist in a sense.
I do have faith “Superman: Legacy” will be good, and we know that it wont be an origin story and that it’ll follow Superman in his younger years as a Daily Planet reporter. Gunn clearly wants to embody the character’s sense of hope and morality and the balancing of his Kryptonian and human lineages. I honestly think this’ll be “The Batman” for Superman, a non-origin that follows a younger version of the hero in a visually pleasing (It’s Gunn we’re talking about), comic accurate, and original story that captures how the hero embodies hope in a morally gray world, and introduces iconic characters from the mythos.
I remember hearing something about Superman being connected to the Authority, and my guess is he’ll appear in that film next as the final boss. Gunn wants to capture morally good, bad, and gray stories, and with how he describes the Authority as superpowered beings who’ll do ANYTHING to maintain peace, Superman would be the perfect foe for them to come into contact with. It’d be a match-up that would challenge the characters’ morally contrasting views and superpowered capabilities, and Superman and Apollo in particular would be an interesting match-up. Hell, Superman’s experience with the Authority could convince him that the world needs a group of heroes that would protect them with more righteous standards.
Then, Superman would likely appear in “Supergirl: Woman of Tomorrow” next. He could serve as a mentor and sibling-like figure to Kara, and maybe even fight her at one point as we know she’s gonna be more brutal and jaded. At some point, Superman’s eventually gonna meet Batman, and we’ll hopefully get the iconic friendship and rivalry between the two.
2023.03.24 23:57 RedEagle7280 How I think Superman’s arc in the DCU will go
James Gunn and Peter Safran have made it clear that Superman is one of the biggest, if not the biggest priority in terms of characters in the DCU. And with Superman being DC’s original and biggest superhero, it makes sense, especially since he’s been so underutilized in the films in the past several years. Thus, he’s likely gonna serve as the Iron Man of this universe, being the starting point and protagonist in a sense.
I do have faith “Superman: Legacy” will be good, and we know that it wont be an origin story and that it’ll follow Superman in his younger years as a Daily Planet reporter. Gunn clearly wants to embody the character’s sense of hope and morality and the balancing of his Kryptonian and human lineages. I honestly think this’ll be “The Batman” for Superman, a non-origin that follows a younger version of the hero in a visually pleasing (It’s Gunn we’re talking about), comic accurate, and original story that captures how the hero embodies hope in a morally gray world, and introduces iconic characters from the mythos.
I remember hearing something about Superman being connected to the Authority, and my guess is he’ll appear in that film next as the final boss. Gunn wants to capture morally good, bad, and gray stories, and with how he describes the Authority as superpowered beings who’ll do ANYTHING to maintain peace, Superman would be the perfect foe for them to come into contact with. It’d be a match-up that would challenge the characters’ morally contrasting views and superpowered capabilities, and Superman and Apollo in particular would be an interesting match-up. Hell, Superman’s experience with the Authority could convince him that the world needs a group of heroes that would protect them with more righteous standards.
Then, Superman would likely appear in “Supergirl: Woman of Tomorrow” next. He could serve as a mentor and sibling-like figure to Kara, and maybe even fight her at one point as we know she’s gonna be more brutal and jaded. At some point, Superman’s eventually gonna meet Batman, and we’ll hopefully get the iconic friendship and rivalry between the two.
submitted by RedEagle7280 to DC_Cinematic [link] [comments]
I do have faith “Superman: Legacy” will be good, and we know that it wont be an origin story and that it’ll follow Superman in his younger years as a Daily Planet reporter. Gunn clearly wants to embody the character’s sense of hope and morality and the balancing of his Kryptonian and human lineages. I honestly think this’ll be “The Batman” for Superman, a non-origin that follows a younger version of the hero in a visually pleasing (It’s Gunn we’re talking about), comic accurate, and original story that captures how the hero embodies hope in a morally gray world, and introduces iconic characters from the mythos.
I remember hearing something about Superman being connected to the Authority, and my guess is he’ll appear in that film next as the final boss. Gunn wants to capture morally good, bad, and gray stories, and with how he describes the Authority as superpowered beings who’ll do ANYTHING to maintain peace, Superman would be the perfect foe for them to come into contact with. It’d be a match-up that would challenge the characters’ morally contrasting views and superpowered capabilities, and Superman and Apollo in particular would be an interesting match-up. Hell, Superman’s experience with the Authority could convince him that the world needs a group of heroes that would protect them with more righteous standards.
Then, Superman would likely appear in “Supergirl: Woman of Tomorrow” next. He could serve as a mentor and sibling-like figure to Kara, and maybe even fight her at one point as we know she’s gonna be more brutal and jaded. At some point, Superman’s eventually gonna meet Batman, and we’ll hopefully get the iconic friendship and rivalry between the two.
2023.03.24 23:54 patchymoose I asked ChatGPT to simulate a debate between philosophers Mill and Kant about the ethics of ROMs and Piracy. Socrates serves as the moderator.
JS Mill: I believe that downloading ROMS of video games that are no longer available for sale is moral. It is not harmful to anyone, and it allows people to experience games that they otherwise would not be able to play.
Kant: I disagree. Downloading ROMS is a violation of the intellectual property rights of the original creators. It is theft, plain and simple.
JS Mill: But what if the game is no longer available for purchase, like Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn? How can it be theft to download something that is not for sale?
Kant: Regardless of whether the game is still for sale or not, the creators still have the right to control the distribution of their intellectual property.
Socrates: Excuse me, Mr. Kant, but isn't that an appeal to authority? Just because the creators have a right doesn't necessarily mean that it is moral to enforce that right.
Kant: I see your point, Socrates, but I believe that respecting the rights of creators is an important ethical principle. If people are downloading their old games instead of buying their new ones, they will lose revenue, and that could harm their ability to create future games.
Socrates: Mr. Kant, that sounds like a slippery slope fallacy. There is no evidence that downloading ROMS of out-of-print games will cause creators to stop making games altogether.
Kant: I see your point, Socrates, but I still believe that piracy is a violation of the moral principle of respecting the property rights of others.
JS Mill: But what about the moral principle of maximizing happiness for the greatest number of people? If allowing people to download ROMS of out-of-print games makes them happy, and harms no one, isn't that moral?
Socrates: Mr. Mill, it seems like you're committing a moral relativism fallacy. Just because a certain action makes people happy, it doesn't necessarily mean that it is moral. We must evaluate the action based on universal principles of morality.
JS Mill: You're right, Socrates. But I believe that in the case of out-of-print games like Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn, the harm caused by piracy is minimal, and the benefit to consumers is significant. Therefore, it is a moral action.
Kant: I still disagree, but I appreciate the discussion. It is important to consider both the rights of creators and the well-being of consumers in this debate.
submitted by patchymoose to Roms [link] [comments]
Kant: I disagree. Downloading ROMS is a violation of the intellectual property rights of the original creators. It is theft, plain and simple.
JS Mill: But what if the game is no longer available for purchase, like Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn? How can it be theft to download something that is not for sale?
Kant: Regardless of whether the game is still for sale or not, the creators still have the right to control the distribution of their intellectual property.
Socrates: Excuse me, Mr. Kant, but isn't that an appeal to authority? Just because the creators have a right doesn't necessarily mean that it is moral to enforce that right.
Kant: I see your point, Socrates, but I believe that respecting the rights of creators is an important ethical principle. If people are downloading their old games instead of buying their new ones, they will lose revenue, and that could harm their ability to create future games.
Socrates: Mr. Kant, that sounds like a slippery slope fallacy. There is no evidence that downloading ROMS of out-of-print games will cause creators to stop making games altogether.
Kant: I see your point, Socrates, but I still believe that piracy is a violation of the moral principle of respecting the property rights of others.
JS Mill: But what about the moral principle of maximizing happiness for the greatest number of people? If allowing people to download ROMS of out-of-print games makes them happy, and harms no one, isn't that moral?
Socrates: Mr. Mill, it seems like you're committing a moral relativism fallacy. Just because a certain action makes people happy, it doesn't necessarily mean that it is moral. We must evaluate the action based on universal principles of morality.
JS Mill: You're right, Socrates. But I believe that in the case of out-of-print games like Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn, the harm caused by piracy is minimal, and the benefit to consumers is significant. Therefore, it is a moral action.
Kant: I still disagree, but I appreciate the discussion. It is important to consider both the rights of creators and the well-being of consumers in this debate.
2023.03.24 23:47 Rukx01 pronto
 | submitted by Rukx01 to BeelcitosMemes [link] [comments] |
2023.03.24 23:23 Vengeful_Turtle Streak 23: El engaño de la IA
24 de marzo de 2023
Estamos hablando sobre la noción del engaño en mi clase de sociología que tiene que ver con la inteligencia artificial. Estamos hablando sobre quién es responsable por el engaño que ocurre en torno a la inteligencia artificial.
Acabo de leer un artículo que mencionó un concepto de "aire caliente" (si tengo que dejar la información sobre el artículo porque estoy hablando de ello, entonces, déjame saber y editaré para agregar el autor y título) en el que se refiere a las verdades medias y exageraciones que son animadas por la narrativa proporcionada por los medios, la ciencia ficción, las noticias etc. Esta narrativa o "aire caliente" impone que la gente común crea que las IA son más capaces de lo que son realmente. ¿Y qué es el resultado de esto? Pues, significa que la gente es engañada por la industria para que pueda gastar el dinero y apoyar las compañías tecnológicas.
Entonces, mi clase hizo otra pregunta: ¿quién está llevando a cabo el engaño? ¿Es la IA o el programador que codifica la IA?
Hay dos niveles del engaño que ocurren con la IA. El primer tipo de engaño es del usuario. O sea, el engaño a escala individua. La persona tiene que estar dispuesta a ser engañada por la IA. O sea, la persona tiene que desear creer que la IA sea inteligente realmente. Si no, no va a ser engañada.
Otro tipo de engaño es al nivel del programador. Las IA no le están engañando a nadie con intención, pero solamente están llevando a cabo las acciones de su programa. No tienen la agencia moral. O sea, no tienen la capacidad de razonar ni tomar decisiones morales. Pero, los programadores, sí - son agentes morales. Por esta razón, creo que es mejor decir que los programadores nos están engañando en lugar de las IA.
Es un tema muy interesante. La verdad es que ya he cambiado mi pregunta de investigación para mi ensayo final, jaja. Ahora voy a escribir sobre el engaño y cómo se manifiesta en torno a la IA.
Que tengan una buena noche.
submitted by Vengeful_Turtle to WriteStreakES [link] [comments]
Estamos hablando sobre la noción del engaño en mi clase de sociología que tiene que ver con la inteligencia artificial. Estamos hablando sobre quién es responsable por el engaño que ocurre en torno a la inteligencia artificial.
Acabo de leer un artículo que mencionó un concepto de "aire caliente" (si tengo que dejar la información sobre el artículo porque estoy hablando de ello, entonces, déjame saber y editaré para agregar el autor y título) en el que se refiere a las verdades medias y exageraciones que son animadas por la narrativa proporcionada por los medios, la ciencia ficción, las noticias etc. Esta narrativa o "aire caliente" impone que la gente común crea que las IA son más capaces de lo que son realmente. ¿Y qué es el resultado de esto? Pues, significa que la gente es engañada por la industria para que pueda gastar el dinero y apoyar las compañías tecnológicas.
Entonces, mi clase hizo otra pregunta: ¿quién está llevando a cabo el engaño? ¿Es la IA o el programador que codifica la IA?
Hay dos niveles del engaño que ocurren con la IA. El primer tipo de engaño es del usuario. O sea, el engaño a escala individua. La persona tiene que estar dispuesta a ser engañada por la IA. O sea, la persona tiene que desear creer que la IA sea inteligente realmente. Si no, no va a ser engañada.
Otro tipo de engaño es al nivel del programador. Las IA no le están engañando a nadie con intención, pero solamente están llevando a cabo las acciones de su programa. No tienen la agencia moral. O sea, no tienen la capacidad de razonar ni tomar decisiones morales. Pero, los programadores, sí - son agentes morales. Por esta razón, creo que es mejor decir que los programadores nos están engañando en lugar de las IA.
Es un tema muy interesante. La verdad es que ya he cambiado mi pregunta de investigación para mi ensayo final, jaja. Ahora voy a escribir sobre el engaño y cómo se manifiesta en torno a la IA.
Que tengan una buena noche.
2023.03.24 23:00 FappidyDat [H] TF2 Keys & PayPal [W] Humble Bundle Games (Also Games From Past Bundles)
Notes:
I pay with the following:
TF2 & PayPal
IGS Rep Page:
https://www.reddit.com/IGSRep/comments/ggsaik/fappidydats_igs_rep_page/
SteamTrades Rep Page (1000+):
https://www.steamtrades.com/use76561198097671494
GameTrade Rep Page:
https://www.reddit.com/GameTradeRep/comments/ggrz1y/fappidydats_gametrade_rep_page/?
SGSFlair Rep Page:
https://www.reddit.com/sgsflaicomments/ggag04/flair_profile_ufappidydat/
submitted by FappidyDat to SteamGameSwap [link] [comments]
- I am EXTREMELY busy, but I check my messages and DMs at least ONCE per day. Please be patient and wait at least 24 hours for my response if I don't get back to you immediately.
- I buy only in Unrevealed Key Link Format or Plain Steam Keys. No gift links.
- For PayPal, I am in the US region and I only send via G&S. Please note there will be PayPal fees (including international/conversion and purchasing fees) to consider.
- All games that you sell to me should ideally be REGION-FREE. Please ensure the games are not region-locked/bound to a specific country.
- You must be willing to fill a spreadsheet with steam keys.
I pay with the following:
TF2 & PayPal
| I BUY HB Games | with TF2 | with PayPal | Currently Active Humble Bundle? |
|---|---|---|---|
| - Ratz Instagib - | 0.8 TF2 | $1.7 PP | - |
| 20XX | 0.4 TF2 | $0.88 PP | - |
| 5D Chess With Multiverse Time Travel | 2.4 TF2 | $5.14 PP | - |
| 60 Parsecs! | 0.7 TF2 | $1.55 PP | - |
| 7 Billion Humans | 1.4 TF2 | $2.9 PP | - |
| 7 Days to Die | 1.0 TF2 | $2.1 PP | - |
| A Game of Thrones: The Board Game - Digital Edition | 1.6 TF2 | $3.42 PP | - |
| A Juggler's Tale | 0.5 TF2 | $1.06 PP | - |
| AMID EVIL | 0.6 TF2 | $1.17 PP | - |
| AO Tennis 2 | 0.8 TF2 | $1.57 PP | - |
| Absolver | 0.8 TF2 | $1.71 PP | - |
| Age of Empires Definitive Edition | 0.9 TF2 | $1.97 PP | - |
| Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition | 1.7 TF2 | $3.53 PP | - |
| Age of Wonders III Collection | 0.9 TF2 | $1.84 PP | - |
| Age of Wonders: Planetfall - Deluxe Edition | 0.4 TF2 | $0.91 PP | - |
| Age of Wonders: Planetfall | 0.5 TF2 | $1.01 PP | - |
| Airport CEO | 1.0 TF2 | $2.13 PP | - |
| Alan Wake Collector's Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.65 PP | - |
| Alien: Isolation | 1.7 TF2 | $3.45 PP | - |
| Aliens: Colonial Marines Collection | 1.2 TF2 | $2.55 PP | - |
| Among Us | 1.4 TF2 | $3.02 PP | - |
| Among the Sleep - Enhanced Edition | 0.4 TF2 | $0.85 PP | - |
| Ancestors: The Humankind Odyssey | 2.0 TF2 | $4.21 PP | - |
| Aragami | 0.4 TF2 | $0.92 PP | - |
| Arizona Sunshine | 2.0 TF2 | $4.21 PP | - |
| Arma 3 Apex Edition | 1.6 TF2 | $3.3 PP | - |
| Arma 3 Contact Edition | 2.3 TF2 | $4.89 PP | - |
| Arma 3 Jets | 0.9 TF2 | $1.9 PP | - |
| Arma 3 Marksmen | 0.8 TF2 | $1.66 PP | - |
| Arma 3 | 1.7 TF2 | $3.6 PP | - |
| Assetto Corsa | 0.9 TF2 | $1.8 PP | - |
| Automobilista 2 | 3.3 TF2 | $6.89 PP | - |
| Autonauts | 0.4 TF2 | $0.83 PP | - |
| BATTLETECH - Mercenary Collection | 1.4 TF2 | $2.88 PP | - |
| BIGFOOT | 3.6 TF2 | $7.52 PP | - |
| BIOMUTANT | Humble Choice (Mar 2023) | ||
| BPM: BULLETS PER MINUTE | 0.6 TF2 | $1.22 PP | - |
| BROFORCE | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| Baba Is You | 1.6 TF2 | $3.3 PP | - |
| Back 4 Blood | 4.4 TF2 | $9.34 PP | - |
| Bad North: Jotunn Edition | 0.9 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| Baldur's Gate II: Enhanced Edition | 0.3 TF2 | $0.72 PP | - |
| Baldur's Gate: Enhanced Edition | 0.4 TF2 | $0.84 PP | - |
| Bang-On Balls: Chronicles | 2.9 TF2 | $6.12 PP | - |
| Banished | 2.1 TF2 | $4.4 PP | - |
| Barotrauma | 4.8 TF2 | $10.15 PP | - |
| Batman - The Telltale Series | 0.9 TF2 | $1.9 PP | - |
| Batman Arkham Collection | 1.2 TF2 | $2.44 PP | - |
| Batman: Arkham Knight | 0.5 TF2 | $1.12 PP | - |
| Batman: The Enemy Within - The Telltale Series | 1.0 TF2 | $2.0 PP | - |
| Batman™: Arkham Knight Premium Edition | 1.8 TF2 | $3.74 PP | - |
| Batman™: Arkham Origins | 0.6 TF2 | $1.35 PP | - |
| Batman™: Arkham VR | 0.7 TF2 | $1.5 PP | - |
| Battlefleet Gothic: Armada II | 1.6 TF2 | $3.22 PP | - |
| Battlefleet Gothic: Armada | 0.8 TF2 | $1.74 PP | - |
| Battlestar Galactica Deadlock | 0.5 TF2 | $1.01 PP | - |
| Battlezone Gold Edition | 2.0 TF2 | $4.26 PP | - |
| Besiege | 1.6 TF2 | $3.23 PP | - |
| Beyond Blue | 1.9 TF2 | $3.99 PP | - |
| Beyond The Wire | 0.4 TF2 | $0.8 PP | - |
| Beyond Two Souls | 1.7 TF2 | $3.58 PP | - |
| BioShock Collection | 1.1 TF2 | $2.23 PP | - |
| BioShock Infinite | 0.9 TF2 | $1.79 PP | - |
| Bioshock Infinite: Season Pass | 0.7 TF2 | $1.52 PP | - |
| Blacksad - Under the Skin | 0.5 TF2 | $0.95 PP | - |
| Blair Witch | 1.1 TF2 | $2.26 PP | - |
| Blasphemous | 1.0 TF2 | $2.0 PP | - |
| Blood Bowl 2 - Legendary Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.61 PP | - |
| Blood Bowl 2 | 0.4 TF2 | $0.84 PP | - |
| Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night | 1.2 TF2 | $2.51 PP | - |
| Boomerang Fu | 0.6 TF2 | $1.27 PP | - |
| Borderlands 2 VR | 5.8 TF2 | $12.21 PP | - |
| Borderlands 3 Super Deluxe Edition | 2.9 TF2 | $6.05 PP | - |
| Borderlands 3 | 1.4 TF2 | $3.01 PP | - |
| Borderlands 3: Director's Cut | 1.4 TF2 | $2.84 PP | - |
| Borderlands: The Handsome Collection | 2.9 TF2 | $5.99 PP | - |
| Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel | 0.6 TF2 | $1.16 PP | - |
| Brutal Legend | 0.6 TF2 | $1.22 PP | - |
| Bully: Scholarship Edition | 3.0 TF2 | $6.12 PP | - |
| Bus Simulator 18 | 1.7 TF2 | $3.56 PP | - |
| CHUCHEL Cherry Edition | 0.5 TF2 | $0.97 PP | - |
| Call of Cthulhu | 0.8 TF2 | $1.56 PP | - |
| Call of Cthulhu | 0.8 TF2 | $1.56 PP | - |
| Call of Duty: WWII | 11.4 TF2 | $23.51 PP | - |
| Call of Juarez: Gunslinger | 0.5 TF2 | $1.04 PP | - |
| Call to Arms - Basic Edition | 2.4 TF2 | $4.89 PP | - |
| Call to Arms - Gates of Hell: Ostfront | 5.3 TF2 | $11.21 PP | - |
| Car Mechanic Simulator 2018 | 0.8 TF2 | $1.57 PP | - |
| Carcassonne - Tiles & Tactics | 0.6 TF2 | $1.21 PP | - |
| Celeste | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| Chess Ultra | 0.7 TF2 | $1.46 PP | - |
| Children of Morta | 0.7 TF2 | $1.55 PP | - |
| Chivalry 2 | 3.3 TF2 | $6.88 PP | - |
| Chivalry: Medieval Warfare | 0.5 TF2 | $1.05 PP | - |
| Chronicon | 1.6 TF2 | $3.25 PP | - |
| Cities: Skylines Deluxe Edition | 1.4 TF2 | $2.98 PP | - |
| Cities: Skylines | 1.1 TF2 | $2.35 PP | - |
| Clone Drone in the Danger Zone | 3.1 TF2 | $6.43 PP | - |
| Code Vein | 1.6 TF2 | $3.28 PP | - |
| Coffee Talk | 2.0 TF2 | $4.21 PP | - |
| Company of Heroes 2 - Ardennes Assault | 2.1 TF2 | $4.36 PP | - |
| Company of Heroes 2 - The Western Front Armies | 0.8 TF2 | $1.7 PP | - |
| Company of Heroes 2 | 0.5 TF2 | $0.99 PP | - |
| Company of Heroes 2: Master Collection | 6.1 TF2 | $12.54 PP | - |
| Company of Heroes Complete Pack | 5.5 TF2 | $11.3 PP | - |
| Company of Heroes | 1.6 TF2 | $3.35 PP | - |
| Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts | 0.8 TF2 | $1.61 PP | - |
| Conan Exiles | 1.6 TF2 | $3.27 PP | - |
| Construction Simulator 2015 | 1.2 TF2 | $2.47 PP | - |
| Contagion | 0.4 TF2 | $0.91 PP | - |
| Control Ultimate Edition | Humble Heroines: Warriors, Dreamers, and God Slayers | ||
| Crash Bandicoot™ N. Sane Trilogy | 7.3 TF2 | $15.2 PP | - |
| Creaks | 0.4 TF2 | $0.74 PP | - |
| Creed: Rise to Glory™ | 2.2 TF2 | $4.53 PP | - |
| Crusader Kings II: Royal Collection | 2.7 TF2 | $5.55 PP | - |
| Crusader Kings III | 3.9 TF2 | $8.1 PP | - |
| Crysis® 2 Maximum Edition | 0.9 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| Cultist Simulator Anthology Edition | 2.4 TF2 | $4.89 PP | - |
| Cultist Simulator | 0.7 TF2 | $1.41 PP | - |
| DEATHLOOP | 1.9 TF2 | $3.88 PP | - |
| DIRT 5 | 3.9 TF2 | $8.06 PP | - |
| DMC - Devil May Cry | 0.6 TF2 | $1.16 PP | - |
| DRAGON BALL FIGHTERZ - Ultimate Edition | 3.7 TF2 | $7.76 PP | - |
| DRAGON BALL XENOVERSE 2 | 1.6 TF2 | $3.42 PP | - |
| DRAGONBALL XENOVERSE Bundle Edition | 1.1 TF2 | $2.32 PP | - |
| DRIFT21 | 0.5 TF2 | $1.03 PP | - |
| Dark Deity | 0.4 TF2 | $0.91 PP | - |
| Dark Souls II: Scholar of the First Sin | 8.2 TF2 | $17.12 PP | - |
| Dark Souls III | 11.4 TF2 | $23.63 PP | - |
| Darkest Dungeon | 0.6 TF2 | $1.3 PP | - |
| Darksiders Genesis | 0.8 TF2 | $1.77 PP | - |
| Darksiders II Deathinitive Edition | 0.5 TF2 | $1.01 PP | - |
| Darksiders III | 0.8 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| Day of the Tentacle Remastered | 0.4 TF2 | $0.92 PP | - |
| Dead Island - Definitive Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.78 PP | - |
| Dead Island Definitive Collection | 1.6 TF2 | $3.27 PP | - |
| Dead Island Riptide - Definitive Edition | 0.7 TF2 | $1.55 PP | - |
| Dead Rising 2: Off the Record | 1.0 TF2 | $2.16 PP | - |
| Dead Rising 3 Apocalypse Edition | 2.0 TF2 | $4.09 PP | - |
| Dead Rising 4 | 0.8 TF2 | $1.71 PP | - |
| Dead Rising | 1.0 TF2 | $2.0 PP | - |
| Dead Rising® 2 | 1.0 TF2 | $2.1 PP | - |
| Death Road to Canada | 0.6 TF2 | $1.21 PP | - |
| Death's Gambit | 0.7 TF2 | $1.44 PP | - |
| Deep Rock Galactic | 3.8 TF2 | $8.02 PP | - |
| Descenders | 0.4 TF2 | $0.9 PP | - |
| Desperados III | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| Destroy All Humans | 0.7 TF2 | $1.41 PP | - |
| Deus Ex: Human Revolution - Director's Cut | 0.6 TF2 | $1.25 PP | - |
| Deus Ex: Mankind Divided | 1.1 TF2 | $2.23 PP | - |
| Devil May Cry HD Collection | 1.4 TF2 | $2.9 PP | - |
| Dinosaur Fossil Hunter | 0.4 TF2 | $0.92 PP | - |
| Distance | 0.7 TF2 | $1.53 PP | - |
| Distant Worlds: Universe | 0.6 TF2 | $1.3 PP | - |
| Doom Eternal | 2.0 TF2 | $4.19 PP | - |
| Door Kickers | 1.1 TF2 | $2.2 PP | - |
| Dorfromantik | 1.9 TF2 | $4.04 PP | - |
| Dragons Dogma - Dark Arisen | 0.8 TF2 | $1.67 PP | - |
| Drake Hollow | 0.4 TF2 | $0.91 PP | - |
| Drone Swarm | 0.5 TF2 | $0.98 PP | - |
| Duck Game | 2.3 TF2 | $4.7 PP | - |
| Dungeon Defenders: Awakened | 3.4 TF2 | $7.08 PP | - |
| Dungreed | 0.9 TF2 | $1.83 PP | - |
| Duskers | 0.5 TF2 | $0.99 PP | - |
| EARTH DEFENSE FORCE 4.1 The Shadow of New Despair | 2.2 TF2 | $4.63 PP | - |
| ELEX | 0.7 TF2 | $1.5 PP | - |
| EVERSPACE™ | 0.8 TF2 | $1.6 PP | - |
| Elite: Dangerous | 1.1 TF2 | $2.25 PP | - |
| Endzone - A World Apart | 0.6 TF2 | $1.34 PP | - |
| Exanima | 2.3 TF2 | $4.82 PP | - |
| FTL: Faster Than Light | 1.2 TF2 | $2.51 PP | - |
| Fable Anniversary | 2.7 TF2 | $5.56 PP | - |
| Fallout 76 | 1.6 TF2 | $3.36 PP | - |
| Fantasy General II | 0.5 TF2 | $0.97 PP | - |
| Farming Simulator 17 | 0.5 TF2 | $1.11 PP | - |
| Firefighting Simulator - The Squad | 4.0 TF2 | $8.26 PP | - |
| First Class Trouble | 0.4 TF2 | $0.85 PP | - |
| For The King | 0.9 TF2 | $1.81 PP | - |
| Forager | 1.4 TF2 | $2.84 PP | - |
| Forts | 2.7 TF2 | $5.54 PP | - |
| Friday the 13th: The Game | 2.3 TF2 | $4.89 PP | - |
| Frostpunk | 1.2 TF2 | $2.48 PP | - |
| Full Metal Furies | 0.6 TF2 | $1.15 PP | - |
| Furi | 0.7 TF2 | $1.5 PP | - |
| GOD EATER 2 Rage Burst | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| GRID - Ultimate | 1.0 TF2 | $2.04 PP | - |
| Gamedec | 0.4 TF2 | $0.77 PP | - |
| Gang Beasts | 2.9 TF2 | $6.15 PP | - |
| Garden Paws | 0.8 TF2 | $1.77 PP | - |
| Gas Station Simulator | 1.5 TF2 | $3.05 PP | - |
| Gears 5 | 4.5 TF2 | $9.54 PP | - |
| Gears Tactics | 4.2 TF2 | $8.86 PP | - |
| Generation Zero® | 1.1 TF2 | $2.37 PP | - |
| Genital Jousting | 0.5 TF2 | $1.09 PP | - |
| Goat Simulator | 0.4 TF2 | $0.92 PP | - |
| Godlike Burger | 1.4 TF2 | $2.89 PP | - |
| Golf With Your Friends | 1.1 TF2 | $2.38 PP | - |
| Gordian Quest | 1.7 TF2 | $3.51 PP | - |
| Gotham Knights | 5.0 TF2 | $10.54 PP | - |
| GreedFall | 0.6 TF2 | $1.34 PP | - |
| Grim Dawn | 2.2 TF2 | $4.61 PP | - |
| Guacamelee! 2 | 0.6 TF2 | $1.27 PP | - |
| HITMAN™2 Gold Edition | 2.8 TF2 | $5.83 PP | - |
| HIVESWAP: Act 2 | 2.0 TF2 | $4.16 PP | - |
| HOT WHEELS UNLEASHED™ | 1.5 TF2 | $3.16 PP | - |
| Hacknet | 0.4 TF2 | $0.91 PP | - |
| Haiku, the Robot | 1.5 TF2 | $3.14 PP | - |
| Hard Bullet | 0.9 TF2 | $1.97 PP | - |
| Hearts of Iron III Collection | 0.5 TF2 | $1.04 PP | - |
| Hearts of Iron IV: Battle for the Bosporus | 1.5 TF2 | $3.08 PP | - |
| Hearts of Iron IV: Cadet Edition | 1.6 TF2 | $3.36 PP | - |
| Hearts of Iron IV: Death or Dishonor | 0.8 TF2 | $1.72 PP | - |
| Hearts of Iron IV: Waking the Tiger | 1.4 TF2 | $2.99 PP | - |
| Heave Ho | 0.6 TF2 | $1.15 PP | - |
| Heavy Rain | 1.7 TF2 | $3.62 PP | - |
| Hell Let Loose | 7.7 TF2 | $16.18 PP | - |
| Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice | Humble Heroines: Warriors, Dreamers, and God Slayers | ||
| Hello, Neighbor! | 0.4 TF2 | $0.91 PP | - |
| Hero's Hour | Humble Choice (Mar 2023) | ||
| Heroes of Hammerwatch | 0.5 TF2 | $1.13 PP | - |
| Hitman Absolution | 0.8 TF2 | $1.6 PP | - |
| Hitman Blood Money | 0.6 TF2 | $1.35 PP | - |
| Hitman Game of the Year Edition | 1.2 TF2 | $2.53 PP | - |
| Hollow Knight | 2.3 TF2 | $4.89 PP | - |
| Homefront | 0.5 TF2 | $0.98 PP | - |
| Homefront: The Revolution | 0.9 TF2 | $1.78 PP | - |
| Homeworld: Deserts of Kharak | 0.4 TF2 | $0.78 PP | - |
| Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number Digital Special Edition | 0.5 TF2 | $1.09 PP | - |
| Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number | 0.5 TF2 | $1.0 PP | - |
| Hotline Miami | 0.8 TF2 | $1.57 PP | - |
| House Flipper VR | 0.9 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| House Flipper | 2.5 TF2 | $5.23 PP | - |
| Human: Fall Flat | 0.7 TF2 | $1.51 PP | - |
| HuniePop | 0.4 TF2 | $0.9 PP | - |
| Huntdown | 1.2 TF2 | $2.55 PP | - |
| Hurtworld | 2.0 TF2 | $4.09 PP | - |
| Hyper Light Drifter | 0.9 TF2 | $1.84 PP | - |
| Hypnospace Outlaw | 0.8 TF2 | $1.58 PP | - |
| I Am Fish | 0.4 TF2 | $0.83 PP | - |
| I Expect You To Die | 1.3 TF2 | $2.7 PP | - |
| I-NFECTED | 5.9 TF2 | $12.38 PP | - |
| IL-2 Sturmovik™: 1946 | 0.9 TF2 | $1.77 PP | - |
| INSURGENCY | 1.6 TF2 | $3.26 PP | - |
| Imperator: Rome Deluxe Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.58 PP | - |
| Imperator: Rome | 0.5 TF2 | $1.01 PP | - |
| Injustice 2 Legendary Edition | 1.2 TF2 | $2.44 PP | - |
| Injustice 2 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.51 PP | - |
| Injustice: Gods Among Us - Ultimate Edition | 0.6 TF2 | $1.24 PP | - |
| Into the Radius VR | 5.1 TF2 | $10.76 PP | - |
| Ion Fury | 1.5 TF2 | $3.09 PP | - |
| Iron Harvest | 0.9 TF2 | $1.83 PP | - |
| Jalopy | 0.5 TF2 | $1.06 PP | - |
| Job Simulator | 8.7 TF2 | $18.19 PP | - |
| Jurassic World Evolution 2 | Humble Choice (Mar 2023) | ||
| Jurassic World Evolution | 0.4 TF2 | $0.93 PP | - |
| Just Cause 2 | 0.5 TF2 | $1.04 PP | - |
| Just Cause 3 XXL Edition | 1.0 TF2 | $2.13 PP | - |
| Just Cause 4: Complete Edition | 1.0 TF2 | $2.09 PP | - |
| KartKraft | 3.0 TF2 | $6.22 PP | - |
| Katamari Damacy REROLL | 1.1 TF2 | $2.23 PP | - |
| Katana ZERO | 1.0 TF2 | $2.11 PP | - |
| Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes | 2.5 TF2 | $5.29 PP | - |
| Kerbal Space Program | 0.9 TF2 | $1.88 PP | - |
| Killer Instinct | 5.8 TF2 | $12.21 PP | - |
| Killing Floor 2 Digital Deluxe Edition | 0.9 TF2 | $1.87 PP | - |
| Killing Floor 2 | 0.6 TF2 | $1.2 PP | - |
| Killing Floor | 0.6 TF2 | $1.17 PP | - |
| Kingdom Come: Deliverance | 1.4 TF2 | $3.0 PP | - |
| Kingdom: Two Crowns | 0.8 TF2 | $1.58 PP | - |
| Kingdoms of Amalur: Re-Reckoning | 0.9 TF2 | $1.88 PP | - |
| King’s Bounty : Ultimate Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.73 PP | - |
| LEGO Batman 3: Beyond Gotham Premium Edition | 0.5 TF2 | $1.07 PP | - |
| LEGO Batman 3: Beyond Gotham | 0.4 TF2 | $0.82 PP | - |
| LEGO Batman Trilogy | 1.4 TF2 | $2.93 PP | - |
| LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4 | 0.5 TF2 | $1.03 PP | - |
| LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.48 PP | - |
| LEGO Lord of the Rings | 0.5 TF2 | $0.95 PP | - |
| LEGO Star Wars III: The Clone Wars | 0.5 TF2 | $1.01 PP | - |
| LEGO Star Wars: The Complete Saga | 0.5 TF2 | $1.04 PP | - |
| LEGO® City Undercover | 0.7 TF2 | $1.53 PP | - |
| LEGO® DC Super-Villains Deluxe Edition | 1.9 TF2 | $3.9 PP | - |
| LEGO® DC Super-Villains | 0.4 TF2 | $0.83 PP | - |
| LEGO® MARVEL's Avengers | 0.4 TF2 | $0.76 PP | - |
| LEGO® Marvel Super Heroes 2 Deluxe Edition | 1.1 TF2 | $2.34 PP | - |
| LEGO® Marvel Super Heroes 2 | 0.4 TF2 | $0.9 PP | - |
| LEGO® Ninjago® Movie Video Game | 0.3 TF2 | $0.71 PP | - |
| LEGO® Star Wars™: The Force Awakens | 0.6 TF2 | $1.18 PP | - |
| LEGO® Worlds | 1.7 TF2 | $3.6 PP | - |
| Labyrinth City: Pierre the Maze Detective | 0.7 TF2 | $1.46 PP | - |
| Last Oasis | 0.5 TF2 | $1.12 PP | - |
| Late Shift | 0.5 TF2 | $0.97 PP | - |
| Layers of Fear 2 | 3.4 TF2 | $7.1 PP | - |
| Layers of Fear | 0.5 TF2 | $1.11 PP | - |
| Legion TD 2 | 0.9 TF2 | $1.97 PP | - |
| Len's Island | 3.0 TF2 | $6.23 PP | - |
| Lethal League Blaze | 0.9 TF2 | $1.91 PP | - |
| Lethal League | 0.7 TF2 | $1.54 PP | - |
| Library Of Ruina | 3.0 TF2 | $6.36 PP | - |
| Life is Feudal: Your Own | 0.4 TF2 | $0.83 PP | - |
| Little Misfortune | 3.3 TF2 | $6.89 PP | - |
| Little Nightmares Complete Edition | 1.6 TF2 | $3.26 PP | - |
| Little Nightmares | 0.8 TF2 | $1.64 PP | - |
| Lobotomy Corporation Monster Management Simulation | 4.9 TF2 | $10.21 PP | - |
| Lords of the Fallen Game of the Year Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.7 PP | - |
| Lost Ember | 1.3 TF2 | $2.73 PP | - |
| Lost Planet™: Extreme Condition | 0.9 TF2 | $1.81 PP | - |
| Luck be a Landlord | 2.6 TF2 | $5.45 PP | - |
| METAL GEAR SOLID V: THE PHANTOM PAIN | 0.7 TF2 | $1.55 PP | - |
| METAL GEAR SOLID V: The Definitive Experience | 1.2 TF2 | $2.55 PP | - |
| MORTAL KOMBAT 11 | 1.6 TF2 | $3.44 PP | - |
| MX vs ATV Reflex | 0.4 TF2 | $0.8 PP | - |
| MX vs. ATV Unleashed | 0.4 TF2 | $0.73 PP | - |
| Mad Max | 1.2 TF2 | $2.58 PP | - |
| Mafia II: Definitive Edition | 1.3 TF2 | $2.62 PP | - |
| Mafia III: Definitive Edition | 2.0 TF2 | $4.09 PP | - |
| Mafia: Definitive Edition | 2.2 TF2 | $4.54 PP | - |
| Maneater | 0.5 TF2 | $1.08 PP | - |
| Manhunt | 1.2 TF2 | $2.52 PP | - |
| Mars Horizon | 1.0 TF2 | $2.04 PP | - |
| Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite - Deluxe Edition | 2.8 TF2 | $5.79 PP | - |
| Mass Effect™ Legendary Edition | 6.4 TF2 | $13.54 PP | - |
| Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne | 0.6 TF2 | $1.2 PP | - |
| Max Payne | 0.9 TF2 | $1.85 PP | - |
| MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries | 2.3 TF2 | $4.84 PP | - |
| Medal of Honor | 2.0 TF2 | $4.14 PP | - |
| Mega Man Legacy Collection | 0.6 TF2 | $1.25 PP | - |
| Men of War: Assault Squad 2 - Deluxe Edition | 1.1 TF2 | $2.21 PP | - |
| Men of War: Assault Squad 2 War Chest Edition | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| Men of War: Assault Squad 2 | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| Messenger | 0.4 TF2 | $0.9 PP | - |
| Metro 2033 Redux | 0.6 TF2 | $1.31 PP | - |
| Metro Exodus | 1.5 TF2 | $3.04 PP | - |
| Metro Redux Bundle | 1.1 TF2 | $2.3 PP | - |
| Metro: Last Light Redux | 1.1 TF2 | $2.23 PP | - |
| Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.65 PP | - |
| Middle-earth™: Shadow of War™ | 0.7 TF2 | $1.44 PP | - |
| Middleearth Shadow of War Definitive Edition | 1.2 TF2 | $2.48 PP | - |
| Mini Ninjas | 0.5 TF2 | $0.94 PP | - |
| Mirror's Edge | 2.3 TF2 | $4.85 PP | - |
| Miscreated | 1.4 TF2 | $2.88 PP | - |
| Monster Hunter: World | 3.3 TF2 | $6.96 PP | - |
| Monster Sanctuary | 0.5 TF2 | $0.96 PP | - |
| Monster Train | 0.4 TF2 | $0.77 PP | - |
| Moonlighter | 0.4 TF2 | $0.93 PP | - |
| Moons of Madness | 1.8 TF2 | $3.74 PP | - |
| Mordhau | 1.6 TF2 | $3.41 PP | - |
| Mortal Kombat X | 0.7 TF2 | $1.55 PP | - |
| Mortal Kombat XL | 0.9 TF2 | $1.88 PP | - |
| Mortal Shell | 1.5 TF2 | $3.18 PP | - |
| Motorcycle Mechanic Simulator 2021 | 0.8 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| Motorsport Manager | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| Move or Die | 1.0 TF2 | $2.0 PP | - |
| Moving Out | 0.7 TF2 | $1.49 PP | - |
| Mutant Year Zero: Road to Eden - Deluxe Edition | 1.4 TF2 | $3.04 PP | - |
| Mutant Year Zero: Road to Eden | 0.9 TF2 | $1.93 PP | - |
| My Friend Pedro | 0.6 TF2 | $1.27 PP | - |
| My Time At Portia | 0.5 TF2 | $0.96 PP | - |
| NARUTO SHIPPUDEN: Ultimate Ninja STORM 4 Road to Boruto | 2.3 TF2 | $4.72 PP | - |
| NASCAR Heat 5 - Ultimate Edition | 0.4 TF2 | $0.92 PP | - |
| Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 | 1.7 TF2 | $3.59 PP | - |
| Naruto to Boruto Shinobi Striker - Deluxe Edition | 1.3 TF2 | $2.63 PP | - |
| Naruto to Boruto Shinobi Striker | 0.4 TF2 | $0.82 PP | - |
| Necromunda: Hired Gun | 0.7 TF2 | $1.56 PP | - |
| Neon Abyss | 0.5 TF2 | $0.97 PP | - |
| Ni no Kuni™ II: Revenant Kingdom - The Prince's Edition | 2.6 TF2 | $5.33 PP | - |
| Nine Parchments | 1.4 TF2 | $3.0 PP | - |
| No Time to Relax | 1.7 TF2 | $3.57 PP | - |
| Northgard | 4.1 TF2 | $8.55 PP | - |
| Not For Broadcast | 0.5 TF2 | $1.01 PP | - |
| ONE PIECE BURNING BLOOD | 0.8 TF2 | $1.69 PP | - |
| ONE PIECE PIRATE WARRIORS 3 Gold Edition | 1.0 TF2 | $2.13 PP | - |
| Offworld Trading Company™ | 0.7 TF2 | $1.44 PP | - |
| One Step From Eden | 0.5 TF2 | $0.97 PP | - |
| Opus Magnum | 1.2 TF2 | $2.56 PP | - |
| Orcs Must Die! 3 | 1.6 TF2 | $3.42 PP | - |
| Outlast 2 | 0.4 TF2 | $0.91 PP | - |
| Outlast | 0.5 TF2 | $0.95 PP | - |
| Outward | 1.4 TF2 | $2.91 PP | - |
| Overcooked | 0.7 TF2 | $1.49 PP | - |
| Overcooked! 2 | 1.5 TF2 | $3.1 PP | - |
| Overgrowth | 0.5 TF2 | $1.08 PP | - |
| Overlord II | 0.4 TF2 | $0.84 PP | - |
| PC Building Simulator | 0.8 TF2 | $1.74 PP | - |
| Paint the Town Red | 2.0 TF2 | $4.23 PP | - |
| Parkitect | 4.5 TF2 | $9.55 PP | - |
| Pathfinder: Kingmaker - Enhanced Plus Edition | 1.0 TF2 | $2.11 PP | - |
| Pathfinder: Wrath of the Righteous | 0.9 TF2 | $1.89 PP | - |
| Pathologic 2 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.46 PP | - |
| Per Aspera | 0.7 TF2 | $1.52 PP | - |
| Phantom Doctrine | 0.4 TF2 | $0.73 PP | - |
| Pillars of Eternity Definitive Edition | 0.7 TF2 | $1.55 PP | - |
| Pistol Whip | 5.8 TF2 | $12.21 PP | - |
| Plague Inc: Evolved | 1.6 TF2 | $3.27 PP | - |
| Planescape: Torment: Enhanced Edition | 0.4 TF2 | $0.79 PP | - |
| Planet Coaster | 1.7 TF2 | $3.48 PP | - |
| Planetary Annihilation: TITANS | 4.6 TF2 | $9.55 PP | - |
| Portal Knights | 0.8 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid | 3.4 TF2 | $7.15 PP | - |
| PowerBeatsVR | 0.9 TF2 | $1.97 PP | - |
| PowerSlave Exhumed | 1.7 TF2 | $3.51 PP | - |
| Praey for the Gods | Humble Heroines: Warriors, Dreamers, and God Slayers | ||
| Prehistoric Kingdom | 1.4 TF2 | $2.9 PP | - |
| Pro Cycling Manager 2019 | 1.2 TF2 | $2.58 PP | - |
| Project Cars 3 | 10.7 TF2 | $22.11 PP | - |
| Project Hospital | 2.3 TF2 | $4.83 PP | - |
| Project Wingman | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| Project Winter | 0.9 TF2 | $1.97 PP | - |
| Pumpkin Jack | 0.4 TF2 | $0.9 PP | - |
| Quantum Break | 1.4 TF2 | $2.91 PP | - |
| RESIDENT EVIL 3 | 2.1 TF2 | $4.41 PP | - |
| RUGBY 20 | 1.2 TF2 | $2.55 PP | - |
| RUINER | 0.4 TF2 | $0.84 PP | - |
| RWBY: Grimm Eclipse | 3.1 TF2 | $6.56 PP | - |
| Ragnaröck | 3.2 TF2 | $6.8 PP | - |
| Rain World | 1.2 TF2 | $2.57 PP | - |
| Raw Data | 1.0 TF2 | $2.13 PP | - |
| Re:Legend | 1.0 TF2 | $2.12 PP | - |
| Red Faction Guerrilla Re-Mars-tered | 0.5 TF2 | $0.95 PP | - |
| Red Matter | 4.2 TF2 | $8.83 PP | - |
| Resident Evil / biohazard HD REMASTER | 0.9 TF2 | $1.86 PP | - |
| Resident Evil 0 / biohazard 0 HD Remaster | 0.6 TF2 | $1.3 PP | - |
| Resident Evil 5 GOLD Edition | 1.4 TF2 | $2.83 PP | - |
| Resident Evil 5 | 0.9 TF2 | $1.92 PP | - |
| Resident Evil 6 | 1.3 TF2 | $2.82 PP | - |
| Resident Evil: Revelations 2 Deluxe Edition | 2.0 TF2 | $4.23 PP | - |
| Resident Evil: Revelations | 0.5 TF2 | $1.02 PP | - |
| Retro Machina | 0.5 TF2 | $1.01 PP | - |
| Risen 2 Dark Waters | 0.4 TF2 | $0.88 PP | - |
| Rising Storm 2: Vietnam | 0.5 TF2 | $1.04 PP | - |
| River City Girls | 1.4 TF2 | $2.91 PP | - |
| Rogue Heroes: Ruins of Tasos | 0.5 TF2 | $1.1 PP | - |
| RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe | 1.0 TF2 | $2.1 PP | - |
| Rollercoaster Tycoon 2: Triple Thrill Pack | 1.2 TF2 | $2.51 PP | - |
| Rubber Bandits | 0.7 TF2 | $1.5 PP | - |
| Running with Rifles | 1.9 TF2 | $3.86 PP | - |
| Ryse: Son of Rome | 1.7 TF2 | $3.49 PP | - |
| SCUM | 2.7 TF2 | $5.72 PP | - |
| SHENZHEN I/O | 0.5 TF2 | $0.97 PP | - |
| SOMA | 2.0 TF2 | $4.19 PP | - |
| SONG OF HORROR Complete Edition | 0.5 TF2 | $0.98 PP | - |
| STAR WARS® THE FORCE UNLEASHED II | 0.8 TF2 | $1.7 PP | - |
| STAR WARS™: Squadrons | 2.0 TF2 | $4.17 PP | - |
| SUPERHOT VR | 2.1 TF2 | $4.49 PP | - |
| SUPERHOT | 0.8 TF2 | $1.57 PP | - |
| SUPERHOT: MIND CONTROL DELETE | 0.4 TF2 | $0.87 PP | - |
| Sable | Humble Heroines: Warriors, Dreamers, and God Slayers | ||
| Saint's Row The Third Remastered | 2.2 TF2 | $4.48 PP | - |
| Saints Row 2 | 0.6 TF2 | $1.23 PP | - |
| Saints Row IV | 0.9 TF2 | $1.82 PP | - |
| Saints Row: The Third | 0.6 TF2 | $1.29 PP | - |
| Sanctum 2 | 0.5 TF2 | $1.08 PP | - |
| Satisfactory | 6.1 TF2 | $12.71 PP | - |
| Scarlet Nexus | 2.8 TF2 | $5.84 PP | - |
| Secret Neighbor | 0.5 TF2 | $1.14 PP | - |
| Serious Sam 2 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.53 PP | - |
| Serious Sam 4 | 2.6 TF2 | $5.47 PP | - |
| Serious Sam: Siberian Mayhem | 2.2 TF2 | $4.5 PP | - |
| Severed Steel | 1.2 TF2 | $2.58 PP | - |
| Shadow Man Remastered | 0.9 TF2 | $1.98 PP | - |
| Shadow Warrior 2 | 0.8 TF2 | $1.73 PP | - |
| Shadow of the Tomb Raider | 3.3 TF2 | $6.78 PP | - |
| Shantae and the Pirate's Curse | 0.6 TF2 | $1.18 PP | - |
| Shenmue 3 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.43 PP | - |
| Shenmue I & II | 0.7 TF2 | $1.43 PP | - |
| Shining Resonance Refrain | 0.5 TF2 | $0.94 PP | - |
| Sid Meier's Civilization VI : Platinum Edition | 2.8 TF2 | $5.87 PP | - |
| Sid Meier's Civilization VI | 0.9 TF2 | $1.84 PP | - |
| Sid Meier's Civilization® V: The Complete Edition | 2.0 TF2 | $4.15 PP | - |
| Sid Meiers Civilization IV: The Complete Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.74 PP | - |
| Siege of Centauri | 0.5 TF2 | $1.15 PP | - |
| SimCasino | 0.6 TF2 | $1.35 PP | - |
| Skullgirls 2nd Encore | 0.9 TF2 | $1.97 PP | - |
| Slap City | 1.1 TF2 | $2.25 PP | - |
| Slay the Spire | 2.7 TF2 | $5.56 PP | - |
| Sleeping Dogs: Definitive Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.57 PP | - |
| Slime Rancher | 1.6 TF2 | $3.3 PP | - |
| Sniper Elite 3 | 0.5 TF2 | $1.14 PP | - |
| Sniper Elite 4 | 1.3 TF2 | $2.67 PP | - |
| Sniper Elite V2 Remastered | 0.8 TF2 | $1.72 PP | - |
| Sniper Elite V2 | 0.5 TF2 | $0.94 PP | - |
| Sniper Ghost Warrior 3 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.37 PP | - |
| Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts | 0.5 TF2 | $1.11 PP | - |
| Sonic Adventure DX | 0.5 TF2 | $1.04 PP | - |
| Sonic Adventure 2 | 0.6 TF2 | $1.16 PP | - |
| Sonic Lost World | 1.7 TF2 | $3.44 PP | - |
| Sonic Mania | 0.8 TF2 | $1.58 PP | - |
| Sorcery! Parts 1 & 2 | 0.6 TF2 | $1.27 PP | - |
| Source of Madness | 0.5 TF2 | $1.13 PP | - |
| Space Engineers | 2.2 TF2 | $4.56 PP | - |
| Space Haven | 0.6 TF2 | $1.33 PP | - |
| Spec Ops: The Line | 0.8 TF2 | $1.65 PP | - |
| SpeedRunners | 0.7 TF2 | $1.38 PP | - |
| Spelunky | 0.7 TF2 | $1.5 PP | - |
| Spirit Of The Island | 1.4 TF2 | $2.91 PP | - |
| Splendor | 0.6 TF2 | $1.34 PP | - |
| SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom - Rehydrated | 1.2 TF2 | $2.6 PP | - |
| Spyro™ Reignited Trilogy | 3.6 TF2 | $7.48 PP | - |
| Star Renegades | 1.4 TF2 | $2.91 PP | - |
| Star Trek: Bridge Crew | 3.6 TF2 | $7.49 PP | - |
| Star Wars Republic Commando™ | 0.4 TF2 | $0.75 PP | - |
| Star Wars® Empire at War™: Gold Pack | 1.0 TF2 | $2.07 PP | - |
| Starbound | 0.8 TF2 | $1.58 PP | - |
| Starpoint Gemini Warlords | 1.6 TF2 | $3.44 PP | - |
| State of Decay 2: Juggernaut Edition | 2.9 TF2 | $6.08 PP | - |
| Staxel | 0.6 TF2 | $1.18 PP | - |
| SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech | 0.9 TF2 | $1.88 PP | - |
| Steel Division: Normandy 44 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.38 PP | - |
| Stellaris Galaxy Edition | 1.2 TF2 | $2.58 PP | - |
| Stellaris: Lithoids Species Pack | 0.9 TF2 | $1.88 PP | - |
| Stick Fight: The Game | 0.4 TF2 | $0.75 PP | - |
| Strategic Command WWII: World at War | 2.0 TF2 | $4.21 PP | - |
| Street Fighter 30th Anniversary Collection | 2.3 TF2 | $4.82 PP | - |
| Street Fighter V | 0.7 TF2 | $1.44 PP | - |
| Streets of Rogue | 1.2 TF2 | $2.44 PP | - |
| Stronghold 2: Steam Edition | 0.9 TF2 | $1.95 PP | - |
| Stronghold Crusader 2 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.43 PP | - |
| Styx: Shards Of Darkness | 0.6 TF2 | $1.29 PP | - |
| Subnautica | 4.1 TF2 | $8.55 PP | - |
| Summer in Mara | 0.4 TF2 | $0.92 PP | - |
| Sunless Skies | 0.6 TF2 | $1.36 PP | - |
| Sunset Overdrive | 1.3 TF2 | $2.67 PP | - |
| Super Meat Boy | 0.3 TF2 | $0.72 PP | - |
| Superliminal | 2.0 TF2 | $4.11 PP | - |
| Supraland Six Inches Under | 1.6 TF2 | $3.34 PP | - |
| Supreme Commander 2 | 0.9 TF2 | $1.93 PP | - |
| Surgeon Simulator: Experience Reality | 0.9 TF2 | $1.82 PP | - |
| Survive the Nights | 0.8 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| Surviving the Aftermath | 0.5 TF2 | $0.95 PP | - |
| Sword Art Online Fatal Bullet - Complete Edition | 5.2 TF2 | $10.86 PP | - |
| Sword Art Online Hollow Realization Deluxe Edition | 1.0 TF2 | $2.13 PP | - |
| Syberia: The World Before | Humble Heroines: Warriors, Dreamers, and God Slayers | ||
| Synth Riders | 3.3 TF2 | $6.89 PP | - |
| TEKKEN 7 | 1.4 TF2 | $2.91 PP | - |
| TT Isle of Man Ride on the Edge 2 | 1.7 TF2 | $3.56 PP | - |
| Tales of Berseria | 0.8 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| Tales of Berseria | 0.8 TF2 | $1.76 PP | - |
| Tales of Symphonia | 1.6 TF2 | $3.25 PP | - |
| Tales of Zestiria | 0.6 TF2 | $1.24 PP | - |
| Talisman: Digital Edition | 0.5 TF2 | $0.98 PP | - |
| Tank Mechanic Simulator | 1.0 TF2 | $2.13 PP | - |
| Team Sonic Racing™ | 1.9 TF2 | $3.9 PP | - |
| Telltale Batman Shadows Edition | 0.9 TF2 | $1.9 PP | - |
| Terraforming Mars | 0.9 TF2 | $1.88 PP | - |
| Terraria | 1.8 TF2 | $3.71 PP | - |
| The Ascent | 1.0 TF2 | $2.09 PP | - |
| The Battle of Polytopia | 0.4 TF2 | $0.9 PP | - |
| The Beast Inside | 0.4 TF2 | $0.79 PP | - |
| The Blackout Club | 5.8 TF2 | $12.21 PP | - |
| The Dark Pictures Anthology: Little Hope | 1.4 TF2 | $2.88 PP | - |
| The Dark Pictures Anthology: Man of Medan | 1.7 TF2 | $3.46 PP | - |
| The Darkness II | 0.5 TF2 | $1.0 PP | - |
| The Dungeon Of Naheulbeuk: The Amulet Of Chaos | 0.5 TF2 | $1.08 PP | - |
| The Escapists 2 | 0.9 TF2 | $1.83 PP | - |
| The Escapists | 0.6 TF2 | $1.34 PP | - |
| The Henry Stickmin Collection | 0.7 TF2 | $1.5 PP | - |
| The Intruder | 1.1 TF2 | $2.38 PP | - |
| The Jackbox Party Pack 2 | 1.2 TF2 | $2.58 PP | - |
| The Jackbox Party Pack 3 | 3.3 TF2 | $6.87 PP | - |
| The Jackbox Party Pack 4 | 2.0 TF2 | $4.21 PP | - |
| The Jackbox Party Pack 5 | 3.3 TF2 | $6.8 PP | - |
| The Jackbox Party Pack 6 | 2.6 TF2 | $5.53 PP | - |
| The Jackbox Party Pack | 1.1 TF2 | $2.33 PP | - |
| The LEGO Movie 2 Videogame | 0.4 TF2 | $0.75 PP | - |
| The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky | 1.4 TF2 | $2.91 PP | - |
| The Long Dark | 2.0 TF2 | $4.17 PP | - |
| The Long Dark: Survival Edition | 0.4 TF2 | $0.78 PP | - |
| The Ship: Murder Party | 0.4 TF2 | $0.83 PP | - |
| The Stanley Parable | 2.3 TF2 | $4.69 PP | - |
| The Surge 2 | 0.7 TF2 | $1.46 PP | - |
| The Survivalists | 1.0 TF2 | $1.99 PP | - |
| The Talos Principle | 0.7 TF2 | $1.41 PP | - |
| The Walking Dead: A New Frontier | 0.3 TF2 | $0.71 PP | - |
| The Walking Dead: The Final Season | 0.3 TF2 | $0.71 PP | - |
| The Walking Dead: The Telltale Definitive Series | 2.0 TF2 | $4.17 PP | - |
| The Witness | 4.6 TF2 | $9.48 PP | - |
| The Wolf Among Us | 1.1 TF2 | $2.34 PP | - |
| This War of Mine: Complete Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.56 PP | - |
| Titan Quest Anniversary Edition | 0.7 TF2 | $1.36 PP | - |
| Tomb Raider | 1.4 TF2 | $3.02 PP | - |
| Torchlight II | 0.7 TF2 | $1.44 PP | - |
| Total Tank Simulator | 0.4 TF2 | $0.79 PP | - |
| Total War SHOGUN 2 | 1.6 TF2 | $3.23 PP | - |
| Total War Shogun 2 Collection | 1.6 TF2 | $3.44 PP | - |
| Total War: ATTILA | 1.9 TF2 | $3.93 PP | - |
| Total War: Empire - Definitive Edition | 1.5 TF2 | $3.07 PP | - |
| Total War: Napoleon - Definitive Edition | 1.4 TF2 | $3.0 PP | - |
| Total War: Rome II - Emperor Edition | 2.5 TF2 | $5.17 PP | - |
| Total War™: WARHAMMER® | 2.9 TF2 | $6.17 PP | - |
| Totally Accurate Battle Simulator | 3.3 TF2 | $6.8 PP | - |
| Tour de France 2020 | 0.6 TF2 | $1.33 PP | - |
| Tower Unite | 3.6 TF2 | $7.55 PP | - |
| Townscaper | 0.6 TF2 | $1.17 PP | - |
| Trailmakers Deluxe Edition | 0.9 TF2 | $1.91 PP | - |
| Trailmakers | 0.9 TF2 | $1.91 PP | - |
| Train Simulator Classic | Train Simulator Classic: On the Fast Track Bundle | ||
| Train Station Renovation | 0.4 TF2 | $0.93 PP | - |
| Tribes of Midgard | 0.7 TF2 | $1.52 PP | - |
| Tricky Towers | 1.7 TF2 | $3.57 PP | - |
| Trine 2: Complete Story | 1.1 TF2 | $2.3 PP | - |
| Trine 4: The Nightmare Prince | 0.6 TF2 | $1.25 PP | - |
| Tropico 5 | 0.4 TF2 | $0.74 PP | - |
| Tropico 5 – Complete Collection | 0.8 TF2 | $1.65 PP | - |
| Tropico 6 El-Prez Edition | 2.5 TF2 | $5.24 PP | - |
| Tropico 6 | 2.2 TF2 | $4.61 PP | - |
| Turmoil | 0.4 TF2 | $0.75 PP | - |
| Turok 2: Seeds of Evil | 0.4 TF2 | $0.75 PP | - |
| Turok | 0.4 TF2 | $0.92 PP | - |
| Two Point Hospital | 2.2 TF2 | $4.65 PP | - |
| Tyranny - Gold Edition | 0.7 TF2 | $1.39 PP | - |
| Ultimate Chicken Horse | 1.5 TF2 | $3.24 PP | - |
| Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 | 1.6 TF2 | $3.37 PP | - |
| Ultra Street Fighter IV | 0.5 TF2 | $0.98 PP | - |
| Undertale | 2.0 TF2 | $4.19 PP | - |
| Universe Sandbox | 3.4 TF2 | $7.15 PP | - |
| Until You Fall | 0.7 TF2 | $1.39 PP | - |
| VTOL VR | 4.9 TF2 | $10.16 PP | - |
| Vacation Simulator | 4.9 TF2 | $10.21 PP | - |
| Vagante | 0.4 TF2 | $0.79 PP | - |
| Valkyria Chronicles 4 Complete Edition | 1.1 TF2 | $2.37 PP | - |
| Valkyria Chronicles™ | 1.0 TF2 | $1.98 PP | - |
| Vampyr | 1.5 TF2 | $3.04 PP | - |
| Visage | 5.9 TF2 | $12.24 PP | - |
| Viscera Cleanup Detail | 2.0 TF2 | $4.09 PP | - |
| Void Bastards | 0.4 TF2 | $0.83 PP | - |
| Volcanoids | 0.9 TF2 | $1.91 PP | - |
| Vox Machinae | 3.2 TF2 | $6.74 PP | - |
| WRATH: Aeon of Ruin | 0.4 TF2 | $0.82 PP | - |
| WRC 8 FIA World Rally Championship | 1.1 TF2 | $2.23 PP | - |
| Wargame: Red Dragon | 6.4 TF2 | $13.18 PP | - |
| Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War - Master Collection | 1.3 TF2 | $2.77 PP | - |
| Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II - Grand Master Collection | 1.7 TF2 | $3.62 PP | - |
| Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II: Retribution | 0.6 TF2 | $1.18 PP | - |
| Warhammer 40,000: Gladius - Relics of War | 0.6 TF2 | $1.23 PP | - |
| Warhammer 40,000: Gladius - Tyranids | 2.8 TF2 | $5.78 PP | - |
| Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine Collection | 1.6 TF2 | $3.3 PP | - |
| Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine | 1.6 TF2 | $3.27 PP | - |
| Warhammer: Chaosbane - Slayer Edition | 1.0 TF2 | $2.11 PP | - |
| Warhammer: End Times - Vermintide Collector's Edition | 0.6 TF2 | $1.33 PP | - |
| Warhammer: Vermintide 2 - Collector's Edition | 1.2 TF2 | $2.51 PP | - |
| Warhammer: Vermintide 2 | 1.2 TF2 | $2.41 PP | - |
| Warhammer® 40,000: Dawn of War® II | 0.7 TF2 | $1.39 PP | - |
| Warhammer® 40,000™: Dawn of War® III | 1.6 TF2 | $3.42 PP | - |
| Warpips | 0.7 TF2 | $1.54 PP | - |
| Wasteland 3 | 1.2 TF2 | $2.48 PP | - |
| We Happy Few | 0.7 TF2 | $1.54 PP | - |
| We Need to Go Deeper | 1.4 TF2 | $2.91 PP | - |
| We Were Here Too | 1.6 TF2 | $3.23 PP | - |
| White Day : a labyrinth named school | 0.5 TF2 | $1.01 PP | - |
| Who's Your Daddy | 2.0 TF2 | $4.23 PP | - |
| Wingspan | 1.0 TF2 | $2.02 PP | - |
| Winkeltje: The Little Shop | 1.0 TF2 | $2.09 PP | - |
| Witch It | 1.9 TF2 | $3.93 PP | - |
| Wizard of Legend | 0.9 TF2 | $1.91 PP | - |
| World War Z: Aftermath | 3.9 TF2 | $8.2 PP | - |
| Worms Ultimate Mayhem - Deluxe Edition | 0.4 TF2 | $0.74 PP | - |
| Worms W.M.D | 1.0 TF2 | $2.17 PP | - |
| Worms World Party Remastered | 0.4 TF2 | $0.88 PP | - |
| Wrench | 3.0 TF2 | $6.23 PP | - |
| Wurm Unlimited | 0.7 TF2 | $1.5 PP | - |
| X4: Foundations | 5.5 TF2 | $11.34 PP | - |
| X4: Split Vendetta | 1.8 TF2 | $3.83 PP | - |
| XCOM 2 Collection | 1.1 TF2 | $2.24 PP | - |
| XCOM: Enemy Unknown Complete Pack | 0.8 TF2 | $1.57 PP | - |
| XCOM: Ultimate Collection | 0.9 TF2 | $1.86 PP | - |
| XCOM®: Chimera Squad | 0.3 TF2 | $0.71 PP | - |
| Yakuza 0 | 1.3 TF2 | $2.74 PP | - |
| Yakuza 3 Remastered | 1.2 TF2 | $2.53 PP | - |
| Yakuza Kiwami 2 | 1.7 TF2 | $3.57 PP | - |
| Yakuza Kiwami | 1.6 TF2 | $3.44 PP | - |
| Yonder: The Cloud Catcher Chronicles | 2.0 TF2 | $4.17 PP | - |
| YouTubers Life | 0.8 TF2 | $1.57 PP | - |
| Yuppie Psycho | 0.3 TF2 | $0.71 PP | - |
| ZERO Sievert | 3.6 TF2 | $7.56 PP | - |
| Zeno Clash 2 | 0.3 TF2 | $0.71 PP | - |
| Zombie Army Trilogy | 0.8 TF2 | $1.67 PP | - |
| biped | 0.9 TF2 | $1.86 PP | - |
| rFactor 2 | 1.2 TF2 | $2.44 PP | - |
| while True: learn() Chief Technology Officer Edition | 0.8 TF2 | $1.6 PP | - |
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2023.03.24 22:55 ImVilbel Si yo terminaré pagando el total del IVA, ¿En qué me beneficia solicitar factura?
Hola, antes que nada, sé que siempre me debo asesorar por un contador. Pero este grupo no existiera si no pudiéramos echar mano de la experiencia que todos hemos vivido y compartir, ¿cierto?
Explico entonces la cuestión:
Yo solicité una sesión de fotos para unos productos de un cliente.
Al cliente le cobré la sesión en $5,201.72. (Es una persona moral)
Mi fotógrafo freelance me cobró 3,500 pesos y después al solicitarle factura lo subió a $4,060, lo cual indica que yo pagaré el IVA que en teoría le correspondería a él. (Dejemos de lado que es ilegal, que no se debe de hacer, etc. Eso todos lo sabemos, pero es una práctica que no va a desaparecer.)
Yo pagaré de IVA al SAT por la sesión que me pagó el cliente: $832.28.
Si le pido factura al fotógrafo, le daría $560 (por la factura) que podría acreditar en esos $832.28.
Ahora, teniendo en cuenta que yo pagaré ese IVA de todas formas, ¿realmente me conviene pedirle factura o no?
De otra forma sólo le pago sus $3,500 pesos y listo. Yo de cualquier manera estaré pagando sí o sí el total de esos $832.28 por esta transacción ¿no?
Estoy en el RESICO. Sólo como dato extra.
¿Qué opinan? Espero me haya explicado.
submitted by ImVilbel to MexicoFinanciero [link] [comments]
Explico entonces la cuestión:
Yo solicité una sesión de fotos para unos productos de un cliente.
Al cliente le cobré la sesión en $5,201.72. (Es una persona moral)
Mi fotógrafo freelance me cobró 3,500 pesos y después al solicitarle factura lo subió a $4,060, lo cual indica que yo pagaré el IVA que en teoría le correspondería a él. (Dejemos de lado que es ilegal, que no se debe de hacer, etc. Eso todos lo sabemos, pero es una práctica que no va a desaparecer.)
Yo pagaré de IVA al SAT por la sesión que me pagó el cliente: $832.28.
Si le pido factura al fotógrafo, le daría $560 (por la factura) que podría acreditar en esos $832.28.
Ahora, teniendo en cuenta que yo pagaré ese IVA de todas formas, ¿realmente me conviene pedirle factura o no?
De otra forma sólo le pago sus $3,500 pesos y listo. Yo de cualquier manera estaré pagando sí o sí el total de esos $832.28 por esta transacción ¿no?
Estoy en el RESICO. Sólo como dato extra.
¿Qué opinan? Espero me haya explicado.
2023.03.24 22:31 GermanCoronelG ¿Cómo se hacen los "Remasters" en los videojuegos?
 | Hice un video intentando actualizar los gráficos de El Resident Evil 4 Original mediante Upscaling con IAs, Materiales PBR y agregando iluminación para acercarlo lo máximo a la versión Remake. submitted by GermanCoronelG to blender [link] [comments] Es la primera vez que uso una IA para un video del canal y me ayudó bastante, ¿qué piensan del uso de las IAS para este tipo de procesos? Thumbnail https://youtube.com/watch?v=iZcpOdQbrZE&feature=shares |